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Bio 108 > Bony Fishes & Amphibians > Flashcards

Bony Fishes & Amphibians Flashcards

1
Q

What is a Fish?

A

They are a Paraphyletic group including any completely aquatic craniate that uses gills for respiration.

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2
Q

What class did Bony fish originally make up?

A

Osteichthyes

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3
Q

What does the root word “osteo” mean?

A

Bone

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4
Q

What did the root word “Ichthys” mean?

A

FIsh

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5
Q

When restricted to the definition of fish, the cladogram becomes…..

A

paraphyletic.

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6
Q

How many class make up bony fish today?

A

3

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7
Q

How many extant spp of fish are there?

A

roughly 27 000

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8
Q

How would you make Osteichthyes a monophyletic clade?

A

You include all other bony vertebrates

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9
Q

What is the first of the characteristics of bony fish?

A

They have bony endoskeletons

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10
Q

What is a bone?

A

A connective tissue consisting of living cells held in rigid matrix of collagen fibers embedded in calcium salts.

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11
Q

What is the second characteristic of bony fish?

A

They have flat plate-like bony scales.

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12
Q

What is the third characteristic of bony fish?

A

Their gill opening are covered by a single protective flap called a operculum.

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13
Q

What is the fourth characteristic of Bony fish?

A

They posses lungs or structures derived from lung.

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14
Q

Why is it thought that bony fish are the decedents of fresh/ brackish water ancestors?

A

They had simple lungs as well as gills, showing ancestral linage.

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15
Q

What is the function of the former “lung” in modern bony fish?

A

They use it as a swim batter, allows them to alter their level in the water coloum.

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16
Q

Do any fish today still have functional lungs?

A

Yes, the lung-fish.

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17
Q

What are swim batters?

A
  • it is a air sac that controls buoyancy of fish
  • gas exchange between blood and bladder changes the degree of inflation of bladder.
  • Fish can “float” at depth they choose.
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18
Q

What is the fifth characteristic of bony fish?

A

They have highly flexible fins that are used for propulsion and for maneuvering.

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19
Q

Do Bony fish have internal or external fertilization?

A

They are commonly external fertilization.

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20
Q

What is the Class of Bony fish known as the ray-finned fish?

A

Actionopterygii.

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21
Q

What does the root word “actin” mean?

A

Ray

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22
Q

What % of extant fish are Actinopterygii?

A

99%

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23
Q

What is the key characteristic of Actinopterygii?

A

They posses flexible rays that support their fins.

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24
Q

What are the main characteristics of Actinistia?

A
  • They are one of three groups of extant lobed-finned osteichthyans.
25
Q

True or false:

There is only one extant genus of actinistians?

A

True.

26
Q

What is the second class of lobe-finned fish?

A

The coelacanths

- has two species

27
Q

What is common among both classes of lobe-finned fish?

A

They are viviparous and currently restricted to deep marine waters.

28
Q

What is common among both lobe-finned fish (anatomy).

A

Both classes of lobe-finned fish have fleshy, muscular pectoral and pelvic fins supported by bony elements in the base.

29
Q

What was found in the embryos of extant coelacanths?

A

They found well-developed lungs.

30
Q

What is the most well known member of the Dipnoi?

A

The Lung fish.

31
Q

What dose the root word -di_ mean?

A

two

32
Q

What dose the root wprd -pneu-

A

air/breath

33
Q

What is the defining characteristic of Dipnoi?

A

They have gills and lungs

34
Q

What is it called when a Dipnoi gulps air into its lungs from the waters surface by rasing and leering the floor of its mouth?

A

Buccal pump

35
Q

What is the economic significance of Osteichthyes? and what is the issue with them?

A

We eat them. and we farm them

They are at the risk of collapse from over fishing

we are setting aside no-catch reserves to allow the replenishment of wild spp.

36
Q

What is the defining characteristic of the Tetrapoda?

A

They have two pairs of sturdy skeleton supported limbs with digits

37
Q

What dose the root word -tetra- mean?

A

Four

38
Q

Do tetrapoda have gills?

A

They clearly lack gills in adult stages

39
Q

What was the intermediate between Osteichthyes and tetrapods?

A

The tiktaalik Rosea

had some fish features: scales, fin without diguts, and gills+lungs

Had some Tetrapoda features: neck, Ribs, wrist bones, and eyes on top of head.

40
Q

Before we believed that Modern tetrapoda were decedents of vertebrates with ____ digits per limb.

now we know that they are the decedents of vertebrates with _____ digits per limb.

A

5 digits

greater than 5 digits

41
Q

What are the two groups of extant Tetrapods?

A

Amphibia

Amniota

42
Q

Extant members of the Amphibia are a ____________ group sometimes called lissamphibia

A

Monophyletic

43
Q

What is one of the defining features of Amphibia?

A

They have thin, permeable skin

and use Buccal pumps to inflate lungs

44
Q

What is the life cycle of Amphibia?

A

They have eggs that lack shells
They have aquatic larvae
Then they grow up into adults.

45
Q

How do Amphibia pass on sperm?

A

Through external fertilization.

46
Q

What dose the rot word -amphi- mean?

A

Both

47
Q

What dose the root word -bios- mean?

A

Life.

48
Q

Larval amphibia have ____, and adult amphibia have ____

A

gills

lungs

49
Q

What are the two extant orders of living Amphibia?

A

Anura

Urodela

50
Q

What is the most well known Anura?

A

the Frog/toads

51
Q

What is the defining characteristic of Anura?

A

They have hind legs modified for jumping. and lack a tail in their adult stage.

52
Q

What is the main difference between Progs and Toads

A

Toads have poison glands behind their eyes

53
Q

What is the most well known Urodela?

A

Salamanders and newts

54
Q

What is the defining feature of Urodela?

A

They have tails in both larval and adult stages

55
Q

True or false:

some Urodela are Paedogenetic!

A

True

56
Q

What dose it mean to be paedogentic?

A

They become reproductive active while retaining larval form.

57
Q

What is cute about how Urodela get around?

A

They can hardly walk on land, with it being less energetically efficient ( as their legs are on the side of body rather than under.

58
Q

What is one of the leading causes of amphibian decline?

A

Parasitic flatworms, this is increased due to their intermediate hose (snails) do better in organically polluted waters

Bio 108 (24 decks)

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