Bony Fishes & Amphibians Flashcards
What is a Fish?
They are a Paraphyletic group including any completely aquatic craniate that uses gills for respiration.
What class did Bony fish originally make up?
Osteichthyes
What does the root word “osteo” mean?
Bone
What did the root word “Ichthys” mean?
FIsh
When restricted to the definition of fish, the cladogram becomes…..
paraphyletic.
How many class make up bony fish today?
3
How many extant spp of fish are there?
roughly 27 000
How would you make Osteichthyes a monophyletic clade?
You include all other bony vertebrates
What is the first of the characteristics of bony fish?
They have bony endoskeletons
What is a bone?
A connective tissue consisting of living cells held in rigid matrix of collagen fibers embedded in calcium salts.
What is the second characteristic of bony fish?
They have flat plate-like bony scales.
What is the third characteristic of bony fish?
Their gill opening are covered by a single protective flap called a operculum.
What is the fourth characteristic of Bony fish?
They posses lungs or structures derived from lung.
Why is it thought that bony fish are the decedents of fresh/ brackish water ancestors?
They had simple lungs as well as gills, showing ancestral linage.
What is the function of the former “lung” in modern bony fish?
They use it as a swim batter, allows them to alter their level in the water coloum.
Do any fish today still have functional lungs?
Yes, the lung-fish.
What are swim batters?
- it is a air sac that controls buoyancy of fish
- gas exchange between blood and bladder changes the degree of inflation of bladder.
- Fish can “float” at depth they choose.
What is the fifth characteristic of bony fish?
They have highly flexible fins that are used for propulsion and for maneuvering.
Do Bony fish have internal or external fertilization?
They are commonly external fertilization.
What is the Class of Bony fish known as the ray-finned fish?
Actionopterygii.
What does the root word “actin” mean?
Ray
What % of extant fish are Actinopterygii?
99%
What is the key characteristic of Actinopterygii?
They posses flexible rays that support their fins.
What are the main characteristics of Actinistia?
- They are one of three groups of extant lobed-finned osteichthyans.
True or false:
There is only one extant genus of actinistians?
True.
What is the second class of lobe-finned fish?
The coelacanths
- has two species
What is common among both classes of lobe-finned fish?
They are viviparous and currently restricted to deep marine waters.
What is common among both lobe-finned fish (anatomy).
Both classes of lobe-finned fish have fleshy, muscular pectoral and pelvic fins supported by bony elements in the base.
What was found in the embryos of extant coelacanths?
They found well-developed lungs.
What is the most well known member of the Dipnoi?
The Lung fish.
What dose the root word -di_ mean?
two
What dose the root wprd -pneu-
air/breath
What is the defining characteristic of Dipnoi?
They have gills and lungs
What is it called when a Dipnoi gulps air into its lungs from the waters surface by rasing and leering the floor of its mouth?
Buccal pump
What is the economic significance of Osteichthyes? and what is the issue with them?
We eat them. and we farm them
They are at the risk of collapse from over fishing
we are setting aside no-catch reserves to allow the replenishment of wild spp.
What is the defining characteristic of the Tetrapoda?
They have two pairs of sturdy skeleton supported limbs with digits
What dose the root word -tetra- mean?
Four
Do tetrapoda have gills?
They clearly lack gills in adult stages
What was the intermediate between Osteichthyes and tetrapods?
The tiktaalik Rosea
had some fish features: scales, fin without diguts, and gills+lungs
Had some Tetrapoda features: neck, Ribs, wrist bones, and eyes on top of head.
Before we believed that Modern tetrapoda were decedents of vertebrates with ____ digits per limb.
now we know that they are the decedents of vertebrates with _____ digits per limb.
5 digits
greater than 5 digits
What are the two groups of extant Tetrapods?
Amphibia
Amniota
Extant members of the Amphibia are a ____________ group sometimes called lissamphibia
Monophyletic
What is one of the defining features of Amphibia?
They have thin, permeable skin
and use Buccal pumps to inflate lungs
What is the life cycle of Amphibia?
They have eggs that lack shells
They have aquatic larvae
Then they grow up into adults.
How do Amphibia pass on sperm?
Through external fertilization.
What dose the rot word -amphi- mean?
Both
What dose the root word -bios- mean?
Life.
Larval amphibia have ____, and adult amphibia have ____
gills
lungs
What are the two extant orders of living Amphibia?
Anura
Urodela
What is the most well known Anura?
the Frog/toads
What is the defining characteristic of Anura?
They have hind legs modified for jumping. and lack a tail in their adult stage.
What is the main difference between Progs and Toads
Toads have poison glands behind their eyes
What is the most well known Urodela?
Salamanders and newts
What is the defining feature of Urodela?
They have tails in both larval and adult stages
True or false:
some Urodela are Paedogenetic!
True
What dose it mean to be paedogentic?
They become reproductive active while retaining larval form.
What is cute about how Urodela get around?
They can hardly walk on land, with it being less energetically efficient ( as their legs are on the side of body rather than under.
What is one of the leading causes of amphibian decline?
Parasitic flatworms, this is increased due to their intermediate hose (snails) do better in organically polluted waters
