Lecture 13 - Fungi 1 Flashcards
Through molecular data, what kingdom is closest to fungi?
Animalia
What is the name of the clade that includes fungi and animals?
opisthokonta
What does the root word “opistho” mean?
Posterior
True or false:
the fossil record of fungi is very complete and used for relative dating.
False
it is rather poor
When is it thought that fungis transferred to land
around 475 MYA
What is one of the possible forms that fungi may have taken when first transferring from water to land?
Symbionts
What does the root word “myc” mean?
Fungas
All fungus are _______________trophs
Chemoheterotrophs
How do fungi digest their food?
Through external digestion.
fungi secrete powerful enzymes outside their bodies.
What can fungi digest from both plant and animal tissues?
From plants: cellulose and lignin
from animals: Chitin and keratin.
What are the cell walls of fungi made of?
Chitin
The bodies of most fungi are comprised of what?
Hyphae
What is the interwoven hyphal mat called?
Mycelium
Within fungi, mycelium acts as a _____ network
Feeding
What are the two main types of hyphae?
Sepate and coenocytic
What are sepate hyphae?
cross-walls (septa) that divide cells into separate chambers.
What are Cienicytic hyphae?
Coencytic lack walls, and are just continuous cytoplasum with hundreds or thousands of nuclei.
What does the root word “coen” mean?
Communal
What is the functional purpose of filamentous structures within fungi?
Allows for large surface area:volume ratio.
How do fungi reproduce?
They reproduce through the generation of spores, both asexually and sexually.
The nuclei and spores of non-chytrid fungi are always ________
Haploid
How do non-chytrid fungi reproduce?
Through the generation of single-celled diploid zygote formed within sexual reproduction.
True or false:
Hyphae only grow in width and nit in length.
False.
The single celled diploid zygote of non-chytrid fungi is _______
transient
Do fungi have gametes?
No (aside from a select few chytrids)
Do fungi have sexes?
Nope.
for the lucky few fungi that do have sex, how do they do it? ;)
The mycelia from genetically different individuals fuse.
The fusion of fungal cytoplasm is called…
plasmogamy
a mycelium with 2 or more different genotypes of separate nuclei is called a __________.
Heterokaryon
What is it called when two genetically different nuclei move in to inhabit and share one hyphal compartment?
Dikaryotic
What is it called when two nuclei fuse?
karyogamy.
What are the advantages of long-term maintenance of the dikaryotic state?
Flaws in one hapliod genome can be compensated for by teh good regions in the other genome.
What fungal phylum contains chytridion?
Chyidiomycota
What does ‘Chytridion’ mean?
Flower pot
What is unique among all fungi found within chyidiomycota?
A flagellated stage.
What fungal phylum has a flagellated stage?
Chytridiomycota.
What fungal phylum undergoes alternation of generations?
Chytridiomycota.
Are Chytridiomycota monophyletic?
No they are not.
what are the Chytridiomycota cell walls made of?
Chitin
What is the digestive method of Chytridiomycota?
Absorptive mode of nutrition
Why do Chytridiomycota suck so much
They are linked to the global decline of amphibians,
They eat the FROGS!!!!
What is the fungal phylum that starts with Z
Zygomycota
What does the root word “zygo” mean?
joined/yoked/twinned.
True or false:
Zygomycota are monophyletic
False
They are not.
What is the latin name for the Zygomycota fugal species called “black bread mold”
Rhizopus stolonifer
What is the most common mold?
Rhizopus stolonifer
What type of hyphae do Zygomycota have?
Coenocytic
Do Zygomycota reproduce asexually or sexually?
They reproduce asexually when conditions are good.
And sexually when things get bad.
Can Fungi mate with the same mating type?
Nope
only with different types.
How do you distinguish between fungi mating types?
Although morphologically the same, they produce different chemical markers.
How do Zygomycota reproduce?
The hyphae of the mating types grow towards each other.
A small separate region develops at tip of each hypha
What is a gametangium?
the region/tip of the Zygomycota that is involved in sexual reproduction.
do gametangium have gametes?
nope.
What happens once sexual reproduction occurs in Zygomycota?
thick walled Zygosporangium develops.
True or false:
Zygosporangium can contain several nuclei from each mating type
True
what happens within a Zygosporangiumthat leads to the production of several mini 2N zygotes?
Karyogamy.
When conditions become good, zygotes within Zygomycota enegage in _____ and repeat ________ to produce stalked 1n sporangium.
Meiosis
Mitosis
What fungal phylum is defined by its symbiotic relationship between roots and plants?
Glomeromycota
What is it called when Glomeromycota hyphae link with roots?
Arbuscular endomyccorhiza
What does the root word “arb” mean?
Tree
What fungal Phylum is defined by its feature to sexually produce spores in sac lie Asci?
Ascomycota
What is special about the hyphae within Ascomycota?
they have septate hyphae with pores that allow nuclei to pass through
Ascomycota are generally found in groups, what are these groups called?
ascocarps
What does the root word “carp” mean?
Fruit.
How do Ascomycota reproduce asexually?
By repeatedly walling off tips of hyphae into fragments called Conidia
What are structures bearing conidia called?
Conidiophore.
What is antheridium?
The donation of nuclei
what type of hyphae are produced in mass?
Dikaryotic hyphae.
What is a Viola? (within Ascomycota)
8 neatly arranged nuclei, each of which becomes an ascospore.
What is the fungi Phlyum that goes by the common name ‘club fungi’
Basidiomycota
What does the root word ‘basidium’ mean?
pedestal
What role does Basidiomycota play in the wild?
very important decompersers of dead plant matter, especially lignin.
Basidiomycota has a typically long lasting ______ ___________ within its life cycle.
Dikaryotic mycelium.
For Basidiomycota, when conditions are good, how do they reproduce?
Spore production produces sexual fruiting bodies called basidiocarps.
Basidiomycota have gilled ridges (common mushroom) what are they called? and where are they located?
The Basidiomycota have a cap, and under it they have gills
What are Basidiomycota gills lined with?
Basidia
What are the characteristics of mature Basidiomycota
based topped with 4 basidiospores, each containing one of the haploid nuclei resulting from meiosis.
What are the two fungi that reproduces purely asexually?
Molds and yeasts.
What is unique about molds?
They rapidly grow, asexually reproducing fungi that grow as hyphae.
What is the only mold type growth form that is known?
Fungi imperfecti
What is unique about yeasts?
Yeasts are unicelluar fungi that inhabit liquid or moist habitats.
Yeasts reproduce asexually by pinching off bed cells from parent cells.
What are Mycorrhizae?
Mycorrhizae represent mutualistic symbioses of plant roots and fungi.
What are Lichen?
A lichen is a symbiotic mixture of fungal hyphae and photosynthetic partners.
What is it called when fungi live in their own? (Lichen species)
It is called being lichenized and non-lichenized versions.
each representing a fungal partner.
Asexual reproduction of lichen occurs through _______
soredia
What is Soredia?
hyphae clasping algal/cyanobacterial cell.
