Scalp, Diploe and Meninges

Question 1

What are the boundaries of the scalp?

Answer 1

Supraorbital margin to superior nuchal line, and to temporal fossa laterally

Question 2

What is the diploe?

Answer 2

Spongy bone between outer and inner tables of the skull

Question 3

What is the occipitofrontalis muscle?

Answer 3

Muscle which runs from the front of the scalp to the back, above the temporalis muscle

Question 4

What is the origin of the occipitofrontalis muscle?

Answer 4

Two occipital bellies from highest nuchal line and two frontal bellies attached to skin of the eyebrows

Question 5

Where do the four bellies of the occipitofrontalis muscle meet?

Answer 5

Epicranial aponeurosis

Question 6

What is the nerve supply of the occipitofrontalis muscle?

Answer 6

Facial nerve

Question 7

What are 4 actions of the occipitofrontalis muscle?

Answer 7

1. Move scalp
2. Wrinkle forehead
3. Elevate eyebrows
4. Allows for facial expressions

Question 8

What are the 5 layers of the scalp?

Answer 8

1. Skin
2. Subcutaneous CT
3. Aponeurosis
4. Loose areolar tissue
5. Pericranium

Question 9

What 3 things can be found in the skin of the scalp?

Answer 9

1. Hair follicles
2. Sebaceous glands
3. Sweat glands

Question 10

What 2 things are found in the subcutaneous CT layer of the scalp?

Answer 10

1. Nerves

2. Blood vessels

Question 11

What is the function of the aponeurosis of the scalp?

Answer 11

Acts as an intermediate tendon for the bellies of the occipitofrontalis muscle

Question 12

What layers of the scalp are all connected and remain together if scalp is torn off?

Answer 12

Skin, subcutaneous CT and aponeurosis

Question 13

What is the function of the loose areolar tissue of the scalp?

Answer 13

Allows for movement of upper 3 layers as one unit as scalp detachment occurs along this plane

Question 14

What is the danger area of the scalp?

Answer 14

Loose areolar tissue

Question 15

Why is the loose areolar tissue the danger area of the scalp?

Answer 15

Blood or pus can spread easily and as the occipitofrontalis inserts to skin, the blood or pus can accumulate in eyes

Question 16

What is found between the bones of the skull and the brain?

Answer 16

Meninges

Question 17

What are the 3 layers of meninges?

Answer 17

1. Dura mater
2. Arachnoid mater
3. Pia mater

Question 18

What are the 2 layers of dura mater in the cerebrum?

Answer 18

1. Periosteal

2. Meningeal

Question 19

Between what layers of meninges is the subarachnoid space found?

Answer 19

Arachnoid and pia

Question 20

What can be found in the subarachnoid space?

Answer 20

CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)

Question 21

What is meningitis?

Answer 21

Inflammation of the meninges

Question 22

What happens if infective toxins inflame brain and not only the meninges?

Answer 22

Meningoencephalitis

Question 23

How is meningoencephalitis characterized?

Answer 23

Stiffness in the neck

Question 24

How does the middle meningeal artery arise?

Answer 24

Common carotid - External carotid - Maxillary (superficial temporal) - Middle meningeal

Question 25

What 3 things does the middle meningeal artery supply?

Answer 25

1. Dura mater
2. Inner table of bone
3. Diploe of cranial vault

Question 26

Where is the pterion located?

Answer 26

2.6 cm behind and 1.3 cm above the posterolateral margin of the frontozygomatic suture

Question 27

What are the 3 branches of the trigeminal nerve?

Answer 27

V₁ Ophthalmic
V₂ Maxillary
V₃ Mandibular

Question 28

What is nervous supply of the face?

Answer 28

1. Trigeminal - Sensory/Mixed
2. Facial - Motor
3. Cervical plexus