S2 [LEC]: Cytokines Flashcards
T/F: Non-immune cells may also secrete cytokines
True
T/F: IL-1 induces inflammation
True
These are proteins that function as chemical messengers needed by the immune system
Cytokines
IL-2 is primarily produced by which immune cell?
T-cell
T/F: Overexpression of IL-2 can lead to inflammatory bowel disease
True
Group of proteins made by the immune system that act as chemical messengers
Cytokines
Regulate the immune system, orchestrating both innate and acquired immunity, induction of the inflammatory response, the regulation of hematopoiesis, and wound healing
Cytokines
Cytokines are primarily produced by ___
Immune cells
Fever-inducing cytokine
IL-1
Cytokine that targets the hypothalamus to control temperature
IL-1
TNF and IL-1 are secreted by the ___
Macrophages
Cytokine considered as endogenous pyrogen
IL-1
Recruits immune cells towards the site of injury
Chemokines
Involves a series of molecular events that would happen inside the cell, which may involve phosphorylation or activation of the cell
Signal-transduction
T/F: Signal-transduction also alters the gene expression in the target cells
True
T/F: Cytokines may also affect its own cell
True
What immune cells would usually have PRRs?
Macrophages
Complement protein most dominant as a systemic effect of macrophage activation
C’3
Cytokine type that prevents viral replication
Interferons
T/F: Cytokines also influence tissue repair and wound healing
True
An anti-inflammatory cytokine that prevents growth of tumor
Transforming growth factor (TGF)
Action of cytokine that affects itself
Autocrine
Action of cytokine that affects cells remote from the secreting cell
Endocrine
Action of cytokine that affects cells in the immediate vicinity
Paracrine
T/F: IL1B can have autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine actions
True
Autocrine action of IL1B
Increased APC
Paracrine action of IL1B
Affect T-helper cell
Endocrine action of IL1B
Fever induction, stimulate liver cells
Aside from IL4, which cytokines affect T helper cells?
IL7
Phenomenon of different actions produced by same cytokine on different targets
Pleiotropic
Cytokines that have the same effect
Redundancy
IL2, IL4, IL5 exhibits which property?
Redundancy
Occurs when the combined effect of two cytokines on cellular activity is greater than the additive effects of individual cytokines
Synergism
Occurs when one cytokine inhibit or offset the effects of another cytokine
Antagonism
IL4 affecting B cell, thymocytes, and mast cells exhibit what property?
Pleiotropy
The action of IL4 and IL5 in activated T helper cell to produce a greater effect on B cell exhibits what property?
Synergism
Cytokine that targets the B cell to promote class switching
IL4
Cytokine that antagonizes class switching, blocking the action of IL4
Interferon gamma (IFN-Y)
A property where the cytokine by a specific type of cell can activate target cells to produce additional cytokine
Cascade effect
Activated T helper cells would produce which cytokine that will activate macrophages?
IFN-Y
Macrophages, after being activated by the IFN-Y, will produce which cytokine?
IL12
Cell that will be affected by the IL12
Activated T helper cell
Hyperstimulation of immune response that is caused by severe viral infection and produces collateral damage to host cells
Cytokine storm/ Hypercytokinemia
Cytokine that act as mediators between leukocytes
Interleukins
Cytokine that supports the growth of blood cells
Colony stimulating factors
Identify whether proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory:
TNF-a
Proinflammatory
Identify whether proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory:
IL1
Proinflammatory
Identify whether proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory:
IL6
Proinflammatory
Identify whether proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory:
IFN-Y
Proinflammatory
Identify whether proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory:
TGF-B
Anti-inflammatory
Identify whether proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory:
IL10
Anti-inflammatory
Identify whether proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory:
IL13
Anti-inflammatory
Identify whether proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory:
IL35
Anti-inflammatory
LPS or microbial pathogens is the primary trigger of which cytokine?
IL1
If the macrophage is activated by IL1, which cytokine will also be produced?
IL6
APRs, specifically CRP is activated by which cytokine?
IL6
IL1 type that remains within the cell
IL1 alpha
IL1 type that is responsible for most of the systemic activity
IL1 beta
When is IL1 alpha released in the macrophage or monocyte?
After cell death
The more functional IL1 type
IL1 beta
IL1 antagonist produced by monocyte and macrophages which blocks the IL1 receptor and is activated when the immune response is no longer needed
IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA)
Cytokine triggered by the LPS present in Gram-negative bacteria
TNF-a
Cytokine that activates T cells, inducing MHC class II expression, vascular adhesion molecules, and chemokines
TNF-a
Over-secretion of TNF-a can lead to ___
Septic shock
Old name of TNF-a, as it induces muscle wasting
Cachectin
TNF regulator that is the primary mediator of TNF-a transduction in most cell types
TNFR1
TNF regulator that is activated by the membrane bound form of TNF-a
TNFR2
Primary trigger of TNF-a
LPS
Cytokine that is a part of cytokine cascade and released in response to LPS and plays an important role in acute phase reactions
IL6
IL6 is triggered by which cytokine?
IL1
Cytokine that stimulates B cell proliferation and differentiation
IL6
Cytokine that induces CD4+ T cells to produce both pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines
IL6
Binds the IL6 to IL6R and utilizes phosphorylation for binding
gp130
Promotes motility and migration of many WBCs
Chemokines
Cytokines that can induce chemokine production
TNF-a and IL6
Stimulates trans-endothelial leukocyte movement
Chemokines
Chemokine that induces chronic inflammation
CCL2 or MCP-1 (monocyte chemoattractant protein 1)
Type of inflammation when mononuclear cells are predominant
Chronic inflammation
Type of inflammation when neutrophils are predominant
Acute inflammation
Chemokine that recruits macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils
CCL3 or Macrophage Inflammatory Protein 1-alpha
Chemokine that recruits NK cells and monocytes
CCL4 or Macrophage inflammatory protein 1-beta
Chemokine that attracts neutrophils during acute inflammation and monocyte activation
IL8 or CXCL8
The adhesion receptor chemokine
CX3
Two chemokine co-receptors of HIV
CXCR4 and CCR5
Cytokine that inhibits the production of IL12 and INF-Y
TGF-B
Cytokine that primarily regulates cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis, migration, and inflammatory response
TGF-B
Cytokine that is primarily discovered to induce growth arrest in tumor cells
TGF-B
A potent inhibitor of IL1 induced T cell proliferation
TGF-B
IFN-a and IFN-B are Type __ interferons
Type I
Cytokines that activate NK cells to kill tumor cells
IFN-a and IFN-B
Cytokines that are antiviral, immunomodulators, and anti-neoplastic
IFN-a and IFN-B
Cytokine used to treat multiple sclerosis
IFN-B
Cytokine used to treat Kaposi’s sarcoma
IFN-a
Cytokine important in growth and proliferation of T cell
IL2
Cytokine responsible for the stimulation of B cells to switch to IgE production
IL4
Cytokine responsible for eosinophil generation and activation
IL5
Cytokine that suppresses Th2 cells and inhibits antigen presentation
IL10
Cytokine that activates macrophages, increases class I and II MHC molecules, and increases antigen presentation
IFN-Y
Cytokines present in Th1 cells
IFN-Y, TNF-B
Cytokines present in Th2
IL4, IL5, IL13
Cytokines present in Th17
IL17, IL22
Cytokines present in Treg
TGFB, IL10
T helper cell that targets intracellular pathogens
Th1
T helper cells that targets bacterial/ fungal infection
Th17
T helper cells that downregulates immune response
Treg
T helper cells that is associated with autoimmune disorders
Th17
T helper cells that targets extracellular pathogens
Th2
Inhibitor of IL1
TGF-B
The cytokine that is indicative of Th1 cell
IFN-Y
Cytokine that inhibits Th2 cell proliferation
IFN-Y
Cytokine that promotes IgG subclass switching in B cells
IFN-Y
Cytokine that is antagonistic to IL4
IFN-Y
Cytokine considered as the T-cell growth factor
IL2
Cytokine that promotes active proliferation of Th2 cells and aids in generating IgG1 and IgE producing cells
IL2
Costimulatory molecule of IL4 to produce MHC1, IL4, IL5, IL13
CD80 and CD86
Signature cytokines of Th2
IL4
Cytokine that inhibits IFN-Y and antigen presentation
IL10
Cytokine present in Treg that induces expression of Foxp3
TGF-B
Cytokine important in bacterial and fungal infections in mucosal surfaces
IL17
Multilineage CSF, targeting BM stem cells to form T and B cells
IL3
Erythropoietin is produced in what organ?
Kidneys
Cytokine needed to make BM stem cells responsive to other CSFs
Stem cell factor (c-kit ligand)
Cytokine that stimulates the formation of colonies of cells in the bone marrow
Colony stimulating factors
Activation of this CSF leads to cells to become macrophages
M-CSF
Under-expression of IL1 receptor antagonist causes which disorder?
Arthritis
Under-expression of which cytokine can result to SLE?
TNF-a, TGF-B receptor
Over-expression of which cytokine can result to SLE?
TGF-B
Medication used for Crohn’s disease
Infliximab
Medication used for rheumatoid arthritis that blocks IL17 antibodies
Ixekizumab
T/F: IL10 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine
False
T/F: The activity of both IL4 and IL5 to a B-cell is a good example of antagonism
False
Under-expression of TNF-a is usually associated with which autoimmune disease?
SLE
T/F: IL4 can activate the proliferation of numerous immune cells
False
