[S1] LEC: Overview of Immunity Flashcards
Composed of cells, tissues, and organs that provides the body mechanisms to resist infection and disease
Lymphoid system
Classification of lymphoid organ where the acquisition of immunocompetency happens
Primary lymphoid organs (bone marrow & thymus)
Classification of lymphoid organ where the encounter of immune cells with antigens happen
Secondary lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, MALTs, GALTs, tonsils, etc.)
Cell of the immune system:
Mediators of humoral immunity
B lymphocytes
Cell of the immune system:
Mediators of cell-mediated immunity
T lymphocytes
APC:
Initiation of T cell responses
Dendritic cells
APC:
Effector phase of cell-mediated immunity
Macrophages
APC:
Display of antigens to B lymphocytes in humoral immune responses
Follicular dendritic cells
Effector cell:
Activation of phagocytes, killing infected cells
T lymphocytes
Effector cell:
Phagocytosis and killing of microbes
Macrophages
Effector cell:
Killing microbes
Granulocytes
Granulocytes fall under ___ immunity
Innate
The monocyte fall under ___ immunity
Innate and acquired
The lymphocyte fall under ___ immunity
Acquired
Monocytes in the tissue are called ___
Macrophages
One method to distinguish a lymphocyte is through its ___
CD marker
Surface immunoglobulins in B lymphocyte
IgM, IgD
CD marker of B cell
CD 19, CD20
Two common CD marker of both T helper cell and T cytotoxic cell
CD2, CD3
CD marker of the T cell that forms a rosette formation around the sheep RBC
CD2
CD marker of the T cell that is complexed with the T cell receptor
CD3
CD marker of T helper cell
CD4
CD marker of T cytotoxic cell
CD8
Subtypes of T helper cell
Th1, Th2, Th17, Treg
The primary function of this specific T cell is to secrete cytokines
T helper cell
T/F: Only immune cells are able to produce cytokines
False (Cytokines can also be produced by endothelial cells and fibroblasts aside from immune cells)
Aside from immune cells, cytokines can also be produced by ___ and ___
Endothelial cells and Fibroblasts
T cell involved in direct killing once it recognizes antigens
T cytotoxic cell (via apoptosis)
Able to capture or acquire antigen and process them to be presented to another cell
Antigen-presenting cells
The most efficient APC
Dendritic cells
Hallmark of AIDS
<200 CD4
MCH class that acts on antigen-presenting cells
Class II
Class II MHC will be presented to which specific T cell?
T helper cell
CD4 is recognized by which MCH class?
Class II
APC that has a humoral immune response
Follicular dendritic cell
Cell of the immune system that is capable of direct killing without prior exposure
Natural killer cell
CD marker of natural killer cell
CD16, CD56
Type of phagocytosis exhibited by neutrophils
Frustrated
Neutrophils are also known as ___
Kamikaze cells
Macrophage in the brain
Microglia
Macrophage in the liver
Kupffer cells
Macrophage in the skin
Langerhans cells
Fetal macrophages
Hofbauer cells
Also called “chemotaxin”, this complement peptide is a chemotactic factor of neutrophil
C’ peptide - c5a
A chemotactic factor of the neutrophil that is present in gram-positive bacteria
Bacterial lipotechoic acid
A chemotactic factor of the neutrophil that can release metachromatic granules
Mast cell derived chemotactic peptide
Interleukin chemotactic peptide of the neutrophil
Interleukin 8
A chemotactic factor of monocyte/macrophage that is able to activate leukocyte and is secreted by platelets and plays an important role in inflammation
RANTES (Regulated on Activation, Normal T Cell Expressed and Secreted)/ CCL5
Opsonin receptor present in neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages that can recognize the Fc portion of IgG
FcyR - IgG
Opsonin receptor present in neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages that recognizes complement
Complement receptor 1 (CR1) - C3b
Opsonin receptor present in neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages that recognizes C-reactive proteins
CRP Receptors
Well-studied pattern recognition receptors in the monocyte/macrophage
Toll like receptors
T/F: TLR are found in neutrophils
False (present in monocyte/macrophage)
Life span of neutrophils
Short lived
Life span of monocyte/ macrophage
Long lived
T/F: Receptors for tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and IFNy are present in neutrophils
False
T/F: Receptors for tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and IFNy are present in monocyte/macrophage
True
Cell of the innate immune system:
Has a major basic protein
Eosinophil
Cell of the innate immune system:
Contain the metachromatic granules mediating inflammation
Basophil
Tissue counterpart of the basophil that mediate inflammation
Mast cells
Cell of the innate immune system:
Has abundant FcE receptors and has a high affinity to IgE
Mast cells
Cell of the innate immune system:
First line of defense against helminthic infection
Eosinophil
Cell of the innate immune system:
Regulates the immune response
Eosinophil
Cell of the innate immune system:
Smallest granulocyte
Basophil
Cell of the innate immune system:
Can enhance and suppress the adaptive immune response
Mast cells
Has the most number of Class II MHC molecules
Dendritic cells
Most potent phagocytic cell
Dendritic cells
Types of dendritic cell
Classical/ Conventional
Plasmacytoid dendritic cell
Type of dendritic cell that can release type 1 interferon
Plasmacytoid dendritic cell
T/F: Dendritic cells can also coordinate with T cytotoxic cell
True
Process of dendritic cell wherein an antigen presentation pathway is bypassed
Cross priming/ Cross presentation
MHC class present in nucleated cells
Class I
APC capable of cross priming/ cross presentation
Dendritic cells
Organelle responsible for cross priming/ cross presentation
Proteasomes
Cytokines that activate NK cells that increases in viral infection and is also produced by macrophages
IL2, IL7, IL12, Interferon a, Interferon B
NK cells are also known as ___
Large granular lymphocytes
CD marker of NK cell that is involved in antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity
CD16
Coats the target cell to recognize the Fc receptors and destroys the antigen
Antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxity (ADCC)
CD marker of the NK cell that may play an important role in mediating cells
CD56
Cytokines that promote NK cells
IL2, IL7, IL12, Interferon a, Interferon B
T/F: In viral infections, NK cell is one of the first cells to be activated
True
Receptor of NK cell:
Bind to diseased and cancer cells
Killer activation receptors (CD16 & NKG2D)
Receptor of NK cell:
Prevent killing of self cells
Killer inhibitory receptors
Receptor of NK cell:
Binds to MHC Class I
CD94/ NKG2A
Stress molecules that release granzymes and porphyrins and removes Class I MHC molecules to kill the antigen
MICA, MICB
T/F: If the cells exhibit abundant Class I MHC molecules, the cell will be killed by the NK cell
False (it will be recognized as a normal cell)
An immune response that is stronger in the second exposure
Anamnestic response
The process of development of lymphocytes
Ontogeny
T-cell differentiation:
Precursor cell
Lymphoid stem cells
T-cell differentiation:
Chemokines responsible for cell migration of T-cell from bone marrow to thymus
CD34, Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase (TDT), CD7
T-cell differentiation:
Once the chemokines are activated, the precursor cells will enter the ___
Corticomedullary junction
T-cell differentiation:
Cells that will enter the corticomedullary junction
Prothymocytes/ T-lymphocyte precursor
T-cell differentiation:
How many percent prothymocytes will die in the process?
97%
T-cell differentiation:
After entering the corticomedullary junction, the prothymocyte will go to the ___
Cortex
T-cell differentiation:
The production of T-cell receptor happens in the ___
Cortex
T-cell differentiation:
In the cortex, after prothymocyte, it will turn into ___
Pro-T cells
T-cell differentiation:
Pro-T cells are also called ___
Double negative thymocytes
T-cell differentiation:
CD markers of thymocytes
CD44, CD25
T-cell differentiation:
Marker that promotes the development of cells
IL7
T-cell differentiation:
After being a pro-T cell, it will be ___
Pre-T cell
T-cell differentiation:
Pre-T cell is also known as ___
Double positive thymocyte
T-cell differentiation:
CD marker of Pro-T cell
CD2, CD5, CD7
T-cell differentiation:
There is a random rearrangement of the genes that code for the TCR and produces the gamma, delta, alpha, beta chain
Pro-T cells
T-cell differentiation:
Chromosome ___ plays an important role in the production of TCR
Chromosome 7
T-cell differentiation:
CD marker of Pre-T cell
CD2, CD3, CD4, CD5, CD7, CD8, TDT
T-cell differentiation:
CD marker of Pre-T cell associated with TCR
CD3
T-cell differentiation:
Survival of cells that do not recognize self antigens
Positive selection
T-cell differentiation:
Death of cells that recognize self antigens
Negative selection
T/F: Only T cells with a functional TCR will survive
True
T/F: A mature T-cell will be positive for TDT
False
T-cell differentiation:
CD marker in mature T cells
CD2, CD3, CD4 (T helper), CD8 (T cytotoxic)
T-cell differentiation:
Cytokines secreted by Th1
Interferon-y, IL2, TNF-B
T-cell differentiation:
Th responsible for the activation of macrophage for intracellular organisms
Th1
T-cell differentiation:
Cytokines released by Th2
IL4, IL5, IL6, IL9, IL10, IL13
T-cell differentiation:
Th responsible for activation of B lymphocyte; for antibody production
Th2
T-cell differentiation:
Cytokine produced by Th17
IL17
T-cell differentiation:
Th responsible for fungal response
Th17
T-cell differentiation:
CD marker for T regulatory cell
CD4, CD25
T-cell differentiation:
After being differentiated into either CD4 or CD8 positive cells, the T-cells will traverse into ___ as effector cells
Secondary lymphoid organs
T-cell differentiation:
CD marker of memory T cells
CD127
B-cell differentiation:
Precursor cell
Lymphoid stem cell
B-cell differentiation:
Growth factors involved for the lymphoid stem cell to be pro-B cells
E2A, IFR8, EB8
B-cell differentiation:
Stage where there is a rearrangement of genes to code for heavy and light chains
Pro-B cell
B-cell differentiation:
Cytokine released by Pro-B cell
IL17
B-cell differentiation:
The genes that code for heavy chain is found in chromosome ___
14
B-cell differentiation:
The genes that code for light chain is found in chromosome ___
2, 22
B-cell differentiation:
In the Pro-B cell stage, this activates the gene rearrangement
C-KIT receptors
B-cell differentiation:
CD marker of Pro-B cells
CD34, CD19, CD20, TDT
B-cell differentiation:
Stage where the gene is used to form the heavy chain of antibody
Pre-B cell
B-cell differentiation:
The first heavy chain to be formed in the Pre-B cell
Mu chain
B-cell differentiation:
First type of light chain to be produced together with the heavy chain
Surrogate light chain
B-cell differentiation:
Formed by heavy chain and surrogate light chain
B cell receptor
B-cell differentiation:
CD marker of Pre-B cell
CD19, CD20, TDT
B-cell differentiation:
Stage where the surface immunoglobulin (complete IgM) is formed
Immature B cell
B-cell differentiation:
CD marker of immature B cell
CD21
B-cell differentiation:
CD marker of immature B cell that is the CR2 receptor for complement activation
CD21
B-cell differentiation:
Type of mature B cells that go to the secondary lymphoid organs
Follicular B cells
B-cell differentiation:
CD marker of mature B cells
CD19, CD20, IgM, IgD
B-cell differentiation:
Specific marker for mature B cell
IgD
B-cell differentiation:
Stage where the B cell will be antigen dependent
Mature B cells (all the earlier stages are independent)
B-cell differentiation:
B cell subset present in adults
B2
B-cell differentiation:
Marker of activated B cells
CD25
Effector function of T helper cell
Cytokine production
CD marker of plasma cells
CD38, CD78, CD126, CD138
Effector cells of B-cells
Plasma cells
T/F: The nucleus of a plasma cell is centric
False (eccentric)
Appearance of plasma cell nucleus
Wagon wheel
T/F: Plasma cells are CD19 and CD20 negative
True
Region of plasma cell where the rough endoplasmic reticulum is found
Hoff
CD marker of plasma cell that mediates inflammation
CD126/ IL6
CD marker of memory B cell
CD27
Source and birthplace of all hematopoietic stem cells
Bone marrow/ Myeloid tissue
Growth factors for hematopoietic cells
C-KIT, IL3, IL7, CSFs, Flt-3 ligand
Areas where immune cells acquire immunocompetency
Primary lymphoid organs
Site of antigen independent lymphopoiesis
Primary lymphoid organs
In birds, the bone marrow of human is the ___
Bursa of Fabricius
A bilobed lymphoid organ above the heart where the development of functional T-cells happen
Thymus
Thymic cortical epithelial cells of the thymus producing IL7
Hassall’s corpuscles
Distinct feature of the thymus that secretes cytokines and regulate dendritic cells found in the medullary region
Hassall’s corpuscles
Site of final maturation and differentiation where antigen dependent differentiation occur
Secondary lymphoid organ
Encapsulated secondary organs
Spleen, lymph nodes
Non-encapsulated secondary organs
MALTs, CALTs, GALTs, tonsils, etc.
Central collecting points for lymph fluid from adjacent tissues
Lymph node
Provides an environment where immune cells can interact with foreign agents from tissues
Lymph node
Structure of lymph node:
B cell area
Cortex
Structure of lymph node:
T cell area, APCs, dendritic cells
Paracortex
Structure of lymph node:
Abundant plasma cells, T cells, B cells, Macrophages
Medulla
The center of the secondary follicle of the lymph node is the ___
Germinal Center of Flemming
APCs in the T cell area in the paracortex of the lymph node
Interdigitating cells
Site in the lymph node where primed B cells are situated
Secondary follicle
Site in the lymph node where resting B cells are situated
Primary follicle
Where do naive T cells enter in the lymph nodes?
High endothelial venule (HEV)
Where do lymphocytes, antigens, pathogens enter in the lymph nodes?
Afferent lymphatic vessels
Filters blood of its impurities
Spleen
Largest secondary lymphoid organs
Spleen
Site in the spleen where the destruction of senescent RBCs happen
Red pulp
Structure of the white pulp of the spleen where the T cells are found
Periarteriolar lymphoid sheath
Structure of the white pulp of the spleen where the unstimulated B cells are found
Primary follicle
Structure of the white pulp of the spleen where the dendritic cells are found
Marginal zone
The process of the leukocytes moving from blood to tissue or site of injury
Homing
Protein PAMP of bacteria
Pilin, Flagelin
Nucleic acid PAMP of viruses
ssRNA, dsRNA, CpG
Nucleic acid PAMP of bacteria
CpG
Cell wall lipid PAMP of gram-negative bacteria
LPS
Cell wall lipid PAMP of gram-positive bacteria
Lipoteichoic acid
Carbohydrate PAMP of fungi
Mannan, Glucans
Carbohydrate PAMP of bacteria
Mannan
Molecules that limit spread of viruses and viral replication that is part of secondary line of defense
Interferons
Fever-inducing cytokine
IL1
Produced by plasmacytoid dendritic cells and virus infected cells, fibroblasts
Type I interferon
Collection of circulating and membrane associated proteins that mediate inflammatory responses
Complement system
3 effector functions of complement system
Opsonization
Cell lysis
Inflammation
Serum molecules that are sensitive indicators of inflammaion
Acute phase proteins or acute phase reactants
A marker of inflammation
Acute phase proteins or acute phase reactants
Antibody-like substance found in trace amount in serum
CRP
Has cytokine-like activity; activates monocytes and macrophages to promote inflammation
Serum Amyloid A
Among the complement system pathways, which one is part of adaptive immunity?
Classical pathway
Among the complement system pathways, which is part of innate immunity?
Alternative pathway
Lectin pathway
Surrogate marker of APR
IL6
General plasma inhibitor of proteases
Alpha-1-antitrypsin
“Mop up” effects of neutrophil invasion
Alpha-1-antitrypsin
Antioxidant to provide protection against release of free hemoglobin
Haptoglobin
Involved in coagulation/clotting
Fibrinogen
For copper transport
Ceruloplasmin
Target substance of TLR1
Lipopeptides
Target substance of TLR2
Peptidoglycan, lipoproteins, zymosan
Target substance of TLR4
Lipopolysaccharide, fusion proteins, mannan
Target substance of TLR5
Flagellin
Target substance of TLR6
Lipopeptides, lipoteichoic acid, zymosan
Target endosomal compartment of TLR3
Double-stranded RNA
Target endosomal compartment of TLR7
Single-stranded RNA
Target endosomal compartment of TLR8
Single-stranded RNA
Target endosomal compartment of TLR9
Double-stranded DNA
Target endosomal compartment of TLR10
Unknown
Target microorganism of TLR1
Mycobacteria
Target microorganism of TLR2
Gram-pos bacteria, mycobacteria, yeast
Target microorganism of TLR4
Gram-neg bacteria, RSV fungi
Target microorganism of TLR5
Bacteria with flagellae
Target microorganism of TLR6
Mycobacteria, gram-positive bacteria, yeasts
TLRs that target RNA viruses
TLR3, TLR7, TLR8
TLRs that target mycobacteria
TLR1, TL2, TLR6
Cytosolic receptors that detect PAMPs and DAMPs
NOD-Like receptors
NOD-like receptors specific for bacterial peptidoglycans
NOD-1, NOD-2
NOD-like receptors for unrelated microbial structures or pathologic changes
NLRP-3
Receptors that recognizes RNA produced by viruses
RIG-like receptors
Receptors that recognize cytosolic viral DNA
Cytosolic DNA sensors
Receptors that involved in phagocytosis of fungi and bacteria and inflammatory processes
Lectin receptor
Lectin receptor for fungal glycans
Dectins
A complex reaction to various injurious agents
Inflammation
T/F: The consistency of lymphatic tissues is similar to plasma
True
T/F: The final maturation and differentiation of immune cells happen in the secondary lymphoid organs
True
Predominant immune cell in acute inflammation
Neutrophil
T/F: Macrophage is a less potent but more efficient phagocyte compared to monocyte
False: macrophage is MORE POTENT but LESS EFFICIENT due to slower movement
Immune cell with a kidney-shaped nucleus and dust-like granules
Monocyte
Cytokine that induces CRP secretion
IL6
Cytokine that activates NK cell by interferon-gamma secretion
IL12
Described as dust-laden macrophages
Alveolar macrophage
CD marker of NK cell capable of binding to the antibody found in the surface of the antigen
CD16
CD marker of NK cell where the Fc receptor is located
CD16
Immune cell described as having a smooth surface
T cell
Immune cell described as having a rough surface
B cell
T/F: Lymphocyte capping occurs during the immature B cell phase
False: it happens only in the mature B cell
Lymphocyte that is more abundant in the blood
T cell
Immune cell that is present in the germinal centers of lymphoid follicles and presents antigen that stimulate B cell differentiation
Follicular dendritic cells
Ligand that targets dendritic cells and B cells
FLT-3
The first lymphoid organ to develop
Thymus
Concentric structures in the medulla of the thymus, composed of thymic epithelial cells
Hassall’s corpuscles
T/F: Hassall’s corpuscles may also play an important role in removing apoptotic thymocytes
True
Cells present in the germinal center of Fleming
Centroblast
Centrocyte
Where does the lymph fluid enter in the lymph node?
Afferent lymphatic vessel
Enumerate the flow of the lymph fluid in the sinuses of the lymph nodes after entering the afferent lymphatic vessel
Subcapsular sinus»_space; Trabecular sinus»_space; Medullary sinus
Where will the lymph fluid go after flowing through the medullary sinus?
Efferent lymphatic vessel
Cells that are responsible for mucosal immunity, which takes up pathogen to bring to other lymphoid organ and is commonly present in MALTs
M cells (Microfold cells)
Spermine, as basic polypeptide that is a part of the 2nd line of defense, inhibits which group of bacteria?
Gr (+)
Also known as the leukocyte interferon
Alpha interferon
Also known as the fibro-epithelial interferon
Beta interferon
Interferons that are responsible in macrophage activation
Type II (gamma) interferon
Identify the form of adaptive immunity:
Person participates in the production of immune factors
Active adaptive immunity
Identify the form of adaptive immunity:
Person receives pre-formed immune factors or antibodies from another person
Passive adaptive immunity
CD marker of B1 cell
CD 5
