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MT6326 > 01 Intro > Flashcards

01 Intro Flashcards

1
Q

Defined as the study of a host’s reactions when foreign substances are introduced into the body

A

Immunology

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2
Q

Foreign substances that induce a host response

A

Antigens

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3
Q

The condition of being resistant to infection

A

Immunity

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4
Q

An English country doctor who was able to successfully prevent infection with smallpox

A

Edward Jenner

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5
Q

Father of immunology

A

Louis Pasteur

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6
Q

Means to make a pathogen less virulent; takes place through heat, aging, or chemical means

A

Attenuation

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7
Q

Basis for many of the immunizations that are used today

A

Attenuation

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8
Q

A scientist who identified the actual mechanism of phagocytosis

A

Elie Metchnikoff

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9
Q

Demonstrated that diphtheria and tetanus toxins could be neutralized by the noncellular portion of the blood of animals previously exposed to the micoorganisms

A

Emil von Behring

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10
Q

Showed that the immune response involved both cellular and humoral elements and observed opsonins

A

Almroth Wright

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11
Q

Acted to coat bacteria so that they become more susceptible to ingestion by phagocytic cells

A

Opsonins

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12
Q

Serum proteins produced by certain lymphocytes when exposed to a foreign substance that they react specifically with a foreign substance

A

Antibodies

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13
Q

Type of immunity:

No prior exposure is required and the response lacks memory and specificity

A

Innate/natural immunity

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14
Q

Type of immunity:

Considered nonadaptive or nonspecific and are the same for all pathogens or foreign substances to which one is exposed

A

Innate/natural immunity

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15
Q

Type of immunity:

A type of resistance that is characterized by specificity for each individual pathogen, or microbial agent, and the ability to remember a prior exposure

A

Adaptive immunity

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16
Q

Type of immunity:

WBCs

A

Innate & adaptive immunity

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17
Q

Type of immunity:

Lymphocytes

A

Adaptive immunity

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18
Q

Give rise to the WBCs that participate in phagocytosis

A

Common myeloid precursors (CMPs)

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19
Q

Lymphocytes arise from ___ and form the basis of adaptive immune response

A

Common lymphoid precursors (CLPs)

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20
Q

WBC:

Represents approximately 50-75% of the total peripheral WBC in adults

A

Neutrophils

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21
Q

WBC:

Contain a large number of neutral staining granules when stained with Wright stain

A

Neutrophils

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22
Q

When stained with Wright stain, two-thirds of the neutrophils are specific granules, while one-thirds are called ___

A

Azurophilic granules

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23
Q

Granules of the neutrophil that contain antimicrobial products such as myeloperoxidase, lysozyme, elastase, proteinase-3, cathepsin G, and defensins

A

Azurophilic/ primary granules

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24
Q

Granules of the neutrophil that contain lysozyme, lactoferrin, collagenase, gelatinase, and respiratory burst components

A

Specific granules

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25
Q

Main function of neutrophils

A

Phagocytosis

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26
Q

Occurs to allow neutrophils to move from the circulating blood to the tissues

A

Margination

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27
Q

The process of neutrophils moving from the circulating blood to the tissues

A

Diapedesis

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28
Q

Chemical messengers that cause cells to migrate in a particular direction

A

Chemotaxins

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29
Q

WBC:

Make up between 1-3% of the circulating WBCs in a nonallergic person

A

Eosinophils

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30
Q

WBC:

Their number increases in an allergic reaction or in response to certain parasitic infections

A

Eosinophils

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31
Q

T/F: Eosinophils are able to neutralize basophil and mast cell products

A

T

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32
Q

WBC:

Can use cationic proteins to damage cell membranes and kill larger parasites that cannot be phagocytized

A

Eosinophils

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33
Q

WBC:

Its most important role is the regulation of the immune response, including regulation of mast cell function

A

Eosinophils

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34
Q

WBC:

The least numerous WBCs found in peripheral blood, representing 1% of all circulating WBCs

A

Basophils

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35
Q

WBC:

Smallest granulocyte

A

Basophils

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36
Q

WBC:

Regulate some T helper (Th) cell responses and stimulate B cells to produce IgE

A

Basophils

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37
Q

Life span of basophils

A

a few hours

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38
Q

WBC:

Largest cells in the peripheral blood

A

Monocytes

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39
Q

WBC:

Its distinguishing feature is an irregularly folded or horseshoe-shaped nucleus that occupies almost one-half of the entire cell’s volume

A

Monocytes

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40
Q

WBC:

Stay in peripheral blood for up to 30 hours before migrating to the tissue to mature further

A

Monocytes

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41
Q

T/F: Macrophages contain peroxidase, like its immature counterpart, monocyte

A

F (they don’t contain peroxidase)

42
Q

Give the specific macrophage based on location:

Lungs

A

Alveolar macrophage

43
Q

Give the specific macrophage based on location:

Brain

A

Microglial cells

44
Q

Give the specific macrophage based on location:

Bone

A

Osteoclasts

45
Q

Give the specific macrophage based on location:

Connective tissue

A

Histiocytes

46
Q

T/F: Macrophages are more efficient in phagocytosis compared to neutrophils

A

F (macrophages has slow motility and some are immobile; neutrophils are more efficient)

47
Q

T/F: The life span of macrophages is in the range of months rather than days

48
Q

The killing of macrophages is enhanced when macrophages become activated by contact with microorganisms or with ___

49
Q

Play a major role in the adaptive immune response by presenting antigens to T and B cells

A

Macrophages

49
Q

Releases cytokines during immune response

A

T lymphocytes

49
Q

Life span of mast cells

A

9-18 months

50
Q

Play a role in allergic reactions and can also function as antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

A

Mast cells

51
Q

Can both enhance and suppress the adaptive immune response

A

Mast cells

52
Q

Considered the most effective APC in the body, as well as the most potent phagocytic cell

A

Dendritic cell

53
Q

The key cell involved in the adaptive immune response

A

Lymphocyte

54
Q

WBC:

Represent between 20-40% of the circulating WBCs

A

Lymphocyte

55
Q

WBC:

Arise from an HSC and then further differentiated in the primary lymphoid organs

A

Lymphocyte

56
Q

The primary lymphoid organs

A

Bone marrow
Thymus

57
Q

The three divisions of the lymphocyte population

A

T cells (61-80%)
B cells (10-20%)
Natural killer (NK) cells (10-15%)

58
Q

Lymphocyte:

Remain in the environment provided by bone marrow stromal cells

59
Q

Lymphocyte:

Can be recognized by the presence of membrane-bound antibodies of two types, namely IgM and IgD

60
Q

Surface proteins that appear on the B cell

A

CD19, CD21, Class II MHC

61
Q

Lymphocyte:

Express unique surface markers that allow them to recognize foreign antigens bound to cell membrane protein called MHC molecules

62
Q

Lymphocyte:

Produce cytokines that contribute to immunity by stimulating B cells to produce antibodies, assisting in killing tumor cells or infected target cells, and helping to regulate both the innate and adaptive immune response

63
Q

Three main subtypes of T cells

A

Helper
Cytolytic
Regulatory

64
Q

The T cell subtypes can be identified by the presence of the __ on their cell surface

A

CD3 marker

65
Q

T cells bearing the CD4 receptor are mainly either ___ or ___ cells

A

Helper
Regulatory

66
Q

T cells that are CD8-positive population consists of ___

A

Cytotoxic T cells

67
Q

The ratio of CD4+ to CD8+ cells is approximately ___ in the peripheral blood

68
Q

Lymphocyte:

Do not express the markers of either T cells of B cells

A

Natural Killer (NK) Cells

69
Q

Lymphocyte:

Have the ability to kill target cells without prior exposure to them

70
Q

T/F: NK Cells do not require the thymus for development

71
Q

CD marker present in NK Cells

A

CD16, CD56

72
Q

Because of ___, NK cells are able to make contact with and then lyse any cell coated with antibodies

73
Q

Half-life of NK cells

74
Q

Lymphocyte:

Play an important role as a transitional cell bridging the innate and the adaptive immune response against pathogens

75
Q

Provide a location where contact with foreign antigens can occur

A

Lymph nodes

76
Q

Lymphophoiesis occurs in the secondary lymphoid tissue and is strictly dependent on ___

A

Antigenic stimulation

77
Q

The largest secondary lymphoid organ

78
Q

Removes old and damaged cells and foreign antigens from the blood

79
Q

Red pulp/ white pulp:

Makes up more than one-half of the total volume and its function is to destroy old red blood cells

80
Q

Red pulp/ white pulp:

Comprises approximately 20% of the total weight of the spleen and contains the lymphoid tissue

A

White pulp

81
Q

Part of the spleen that is attached to the sheath and contains B cells that are not yet stimulated by antigens

A

Primary follicles

82
Q

The spleen receives a blood volume of approximately ___

A

350 mL/minute

83
Q

Serve as central collecting points for lymph fluid from adjacent tissues

A

Lymph nodes

84
Q

A filtrate of the blood and arises from passage of water and low MW solutes out of blood vessel walls and into the interstitial spaces between cells

A

Lymph fluid

85
Q

The lymph fluid flows slowly through spaces called ___

86
Q

An ideal location where phagocytosis can take place as it is lined with macrophages

87
Q

Part of the lymph nodes that consist of antigen-stimulated proliferating B cells

A

Secondary follicles

88
Q

A specialized type of MALT located at the lower ileum of the intestinal tract

A

Peyer’s patches

89
Q

T/ B/ NK Cells:

Develop in the thymus

90
Q

T/ B/ NK Cells:

Found in lymph nodes, thoracic duct fluid 60-80% of circulating lymphocyte pool in blood

91
Q

T/ B/ NK Cells:

Adaptive immunity; end products of activation are cytokines

92
Q

T/ B/ NK Cells:

Antigens include CD2, CD3, CD4, CD8

93
Q

T/ B/ NK Cells:

Develop in the bone marrow

94
Q

T/ B/ NK Cells:

Found in BM, spleen, lymph nodes, 10-15% of circulating lymphocyte pool in blood

95
Q

T/ B/ NK Cells:

Adaptive immunity; end product of activation is antibody

96
Q

T/ B/ NK Cells:

Antigens include CD 19, CD20, CD21 surface antibody

97
Q

T/ B/ NK Cells:

Found in spleen, liver, 5-15% of circulating lymphocyte pool in blood

98
Q

T/ B/ NK Cells:

Innate immunity; lysis of virally infected cells and tumor cells; production of cytokines

99
Q

T/ B/ NK Cells:

Antigens include CD16 & CD56

MT6326 (11 decks)

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