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Infectious diseases I & II > Ruminants integument & mixed II > Flashcards

Ruminants integument & mixed II Flashcards

1
Q

Bovine ulcerative mammillitis is a contagious disease of cattle, caused by Herpesvirus, and that is characterized by

A

ulcerative condition of teat and udder skin.

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2
Q

Causative agent of Bovine ulcerative mammillitis
genus
family
DNA type

A

Bovine herpesvirus 2 and 4
(BHV-2, BHV-4)

Genus Simplexvirus,
family Herpesviridae
DNA virus

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3
Q

Survival of Bovine herpesvirus 2 & 4 in the environment.

A

Resistant in the environment
Disinfectant: iodophor

Survives cold weather well (spike in cases)

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4
Q

BHV-2 can cause two distinct syndromes in cattle:

A

Bovine herpes mammillitis (lesions and ulceration on the skin of the udder and teats)

Pseudo-lumpy skin disease (generalized superficial skin lesions)

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5
Q

Host range of Bovine herpes mammillitis

A

cattle

Most common in animals within the first 2 weeks after calving, particularly in heifers.

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6
Q

Two patterns of Bovine herpes mammillitis outbreaks:

A

The whole herd is affected
or
Only ones affected are the heifers

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7
Q

Morbidity of Bovine herpes mammillitis

A

morbidity high on first infection of the herd; 18-96%

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8
Q

Mortality of Bovine ulcerative mammillitis

A

negligible

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9
Q

Transmission of Bovine ulcerative mammillitis

A

Excretion: saliva, nasal and vaginal discharge, milk, semen, urine and feces, epithelia.

Direct contact
Blood-sucking insect vectors
Fomites

Route: via skin abrasions, mucous membranes

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10
Q

IP of Bovine ulcerative mammillitis

A

IP: 5-10 days

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11
Q

Clinical signs of Bovine ulcerative mammillitis.

A

Lesions confined to the skin of the teats and udder.

After vesicle rupture: sloughing of the skin

Edema, hyperemia, erosions

In severe cases: untreatable mastitis or gangrene.

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12
Q

Material for diagnosis of Bovine ulcerative mammillitis (3)

A

Vesicle fluid
Swabs from early ulcers
Blood

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13
Q

Lab analyses for diagnosis of Bovine ulcerative mammillitis (3)

A

Culture
Electron microscopy
Serology

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14
Q

Tx of Bovine ulcerative mammillitis

A

no specific treatment

Aim should be to develop scabs that can withstand machine milking (e.g. with ointments).

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15
Q

Prevention & control of Bovine ulcerative mammillitis

A

No specific prevention or control methods.

Isolation of affected animals and strict hygiene in the milking parlor are practiced but have little effect on the spread of the disease, nor does milking heifers first.

To prevent spread: iodophor disinfectant

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16
Q

Clostridial myositis or blackleg is a contagious disease of cattle, caused by Clostridium chauvoei, and characterized by

A

myositis of skeletal muscles.

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17
Q

Causative agent of blackleg disease.

A

Clostridial myositis caused by gram positive Clostridium chauvoei.

Spore-forming

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18
Q

Survival of Clostridium chauvoei in environment.

A

Spores are highly resistant to environmental changes and disinfectants.

Spores persist in soil for many years.

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19
Q

Host range of blackleg.

A

cattle, sheep

6 month olds to 2 year-olds

Risk factors: rapidly growing cattle and high plane nutrition.

In humans: rare cases (veterinarians)

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20
Q

Seasonality of blackleg

A

during warm months

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21
Q

Mortality of blackleg.

A

Mortality – case fatality <100%

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22
Q

Transmission of blackleg.

A

Soil-borne infection

Route: alimentary probably

In sheep: associated with wound infection

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23
Q

IP of Clostridium chauvoei

A

IP: 1-5 days

24
Q

Clinical signs of clostridial myositis / blackleg

A

Severe lameness with pronounced swelling (and crepitation) of the upper part of affected leg.

First: hot and painful
Later: cold and painless

Depression
Complete anorexia and ruminal stasis
High fever
High pulse rate

Death within 12-36 h after the appearance of clinical signs!

25
Q

Post mortem signs of clostridial myositis / blackleg

A

Affected muscles are dark red to black and dry and spongy, have a sweetish odor, and are infiltrated with small bubbles but little edema.

Lesions may be seen in any muscle (even in the tongue, heart or diaphragm).

26
Q

Material for diagnosis of Clostridial myositis.

A

Muscle samples

27
Q

Lab analyses for diagnosis of Clostridial myositis. (3)

A

Culture
Biochemical identification
PCR

28
Q

Tx of blackleg.

A

Tx: penicillin and surgical debridement of affected muscle groups

Tx if animal is not moribund

29
Q

Prevention of blackleg

A

Vaccination

In Estonia: Covexin 10 vaccine against many Clostridia spp.

30
Q

Control of Clostridium chauvoei during outbreak.

A

Unaffected should be vaccinated and given penicillin profylactically.

Movement of cattle away from affected pasture.

Carcasses should be destroyed by burning or buried deeply in a fenced-off area to limit heavy spore contamination of the soil.

31
Q

Necrobacteriosis can cause 2 forms of disease:

A

Necrotic laryngitis & footrot

32
Q

Necrotic laryngitis is a contagious disease of young cattle, caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum, and characterized by

A

fever, cough, inspiratory dyspnea and stridor.

33
Q

Necrotic laryngitis is also known as:

A

calf diphtheria

34
Q

Causative agent of Necrobacteriosis: necrotic laryngitis and footrot.
genus
family
gram?

A

Gram negative Fusobacterium necrophorum,
family Fusobacteriaceae

Non-sporeforming anaerobe

35
Q

Fusobacterium necrophorum is a Normal inhabitant of

A

the alimentary, respiratory and genital tracts of animals – opportunistic pathogen!

36
Q

Host range of necrotic laryngitis.

A

cattle, horses, goats, pigs, and sheep

Primarily occurs in 3-18 month-olds

In humans: zoonootic!

37
Q

Seasonality of necrotic laryngitis.

A

Reported all year around; more prevalent in fall and winter.

Mostly sporadic

Prevalence in feedlot calves: 1-2%

38
Q

suspected portal of entry for F. necrophorum

A

Laryngeal contact ulcers

39
Q

transmission of necrotic laryngitis

A

direct contact and fomites

Route: via mucous membranes

40
Q

Clinical signs of necrotic laryngitis

A

Moist, painful cough
Severe inspiratory dyspnea,
loud inspiratory stridor

Ptyalism
Bilateral purulent nasal discharge

fever, anorexia, depression, hyperemia of the mucous membranes due to endotoxins.

If untreated – death in 2-7 days due to toxemia and upper airway obstruction.

Long term sequelae: aspiration pneumonia, permanent distortion of the larynx.

41
Q

Post mortem signs of necrotic laryngitis.

A

Lesions on vocal processes and medial angles of arytenoid cartilages.

Acute lesions: edema and hyperemia surrounding a necrotic ulcer in the laryngeal mucosa.

Chronic cases: necrotic cartilage associated with a draining tract surrounded by granulation tissue.

42
Q

Diagnosis of necrotic laryngitis.

A

Clinical signs usually sufficient to establish diagnosis.

Larynx should be visualized to confirm the diagnosis.

43
Q

Tx of necrotic laryngitis.

A

Tx: ABs (Oxytetracycline or procaine penicillin)

NSAIDs
IV fluids if dehydrated

Tracheostomy if severe inspiratory dyspnea.

Prognosis:
Good if Tx started early and aggressively.
Chronic cases – require surgery (60% success rate).

44
Q

Prevention & control of necrotic laryngitis.

A

No specific control measures

Maybe beneficial: control measures for common respiratory pathogens

Good animal husbandry!

45
Q

Footrot is a highly contagious disease of ruminants, caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum, and is characterized by

A

interdigital phlegmons which is also the alt. name for foot rot - “interdigital phlegmon”.

phlegmon refers to a localized area of acute inflammation of the soft tissues.

46
Q

Causative agent of footrot.

A

gram neg. Fusobacterium necrophorum

Three subspecies and number of genotypes which affect different tissues.

47
Q

Other organisms that may be involved in footrot in addition to F.necrophorum: (5)

A

Bacteroides melaninogenicus

Dichelobacter nodosus
Escherichia coli

Staphylococcus aureus
Trueperella pyogenes

48
Q

Survival of footrot agents in the environment.

A

Can survive in soil for 10 months.

49
Q

Host range for footrot.

A

ruminants

50
Q

On average, footrot accounts for what % of foot diseases?

A

<15% of foot diseases

Sporadic: May be endemic in intensive beef units or in cattle at pasture.

51
Q

Transmission of footrot.

A

Excretion: feces!

Portal of entry – injury to the interdigital skin

Transmission is highest in humid and muddy conditions.

52
Q

IP: for footrot

A

IP: one week

53
Q

Clinical signs of footrot.

A

More commonly hindlimbs are affected.
In calves: more than one foot at a time.

Fever, anorexia
Lameness
Reddening of the interdigital tissue and swelling of the foot, toes are spread.

skin of the interdigital space fragments with exudate production and foul odor

can spread to joints

54
Q

Footrot is Typically diagnosed by

A

the distinctive lesions and odor.

Bacterial culture can be done but is rarely necessary.

55
Q

Tx of footrot.

A

Cleaning and disinfection

ABs – penicillin, oxytetracycline, sulfonamides

Recovery in 3-4 days

56
Q

Prevention & control of footrot.

A

Foot baths
Regular foot trimming

Housing:
Minimize interdigital trauma
Adequate draining of feces etc. dry floors.

Feeding: zinc supplements work well.

Infectious diseases I & II (33 decks)

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