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Infectious diseases I & II > Inf. diseases II - Cats 1/2 > Flashcards

Inf. diseases II - Cats 1/2 Flashcards

1
Q

Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a contagious disease of felines, caused by feline coronavirus, and is characterized by

A

body cavity effusions or neurologic signs.

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2
Q

Causative agent of FIP.
family
serotypes
DNA type
+details

A

Agent: Feline coronavirus (FCoV)
Family Coronaviridae

Two serotypes (I and II).

Related to TGE virus in pigs, canine, and human coronaviruses.

Largest known RNA – highly susceptible to mutation!

FIP virus is a mutation of benign FCoV

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3
Q

Feline coronavirus (FCoV) survival.

A

Does not survive in the environment for long (<48h).

In dry environments <6 weeks.

Readily inactivated by most common disinfectants.

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4
Q

FIP virus is a mutation of

A

benign FCoV.

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5
Q

Serotypes of Feline coronavirus (FCoV)

A

Two serotypes (I and II).

In Europe and USA mainly serotype I.
In Japan mainly serotype II.

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6
Q

Host range and age demographic of FCoV.

A

felids

Most widespread infectious disease of cats.
Mostly sporadic cases.

Most susceptible: young cats during postweaning periods.

Peak age: 6 months to 2 years

Males > females

Purebred cats are most susceptible (esp. Asian breeds: Birman, Himalayan).

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7
Q

Risk factors for FCoV.

A

Risk factors: stress, multicat households

FCoV is widespread or even ubiquitous in multicat environments.

Most susceptible: young cats during postweaning periods.

Males > females

Purebred cats are most susceptible (esp. Asian breeds: Birman, Himalayan).

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8
Q

Morbidity of FCoV.

A

Morbidity: 90% of cats have antibodies, but only 5% develop clinical dz

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9
Q

Mortality of FIP.

A

Mortality: 95%

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10
Q

Transmission of FCoV.

A

Excretion: feces, saliva, urine, respiratory secretions.

Direct contact
Fomites (litter box!)

Route: fecal-oral, oronasal or through saliva (e.g. mutual grooming)

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11
Q

Two forms of FIP:

A

dry form (noneffusive) and wet form (effusive)

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12
Q

Clinical signs of FIP.

A

Nonspecific signs: lethargy, inappetence, weight loss

Other signs depend on whether the disease presents as the wet or dry form.

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13
Q

Clinical signs of effusive or wet FIP.

A

Abdominal distention with palpable fluid wave.

Dyspnea, muffled heart sounds and muffled lung sounds due to pleural effusion.

Also there might be palpable abdominal masses.

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14
Q

Clinical signs of noneffusive or dry FIP.

A

Ocular abnormalities – change in iris color due to iritis/uveitis, hyphema, aqueous flare, keratotic precipitates, vitreous clouding, vascular cuffing.

Icterus

Palpable abdominal mass(es)/ organomegaly.
E.g. enlarged mesenteric LNs, nodules in other organs, intestinal thickening.

Raised intradermal pustules (nonpruritic cutaneous lesions).

Neurologic signs – ataxia, incoordination, paresis.

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15
Q

Material for diagnosis of FIP.

A

Blood
Effusion (peritoneal) fluid
Samples from affected tissues

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16
Q

Lab analyses for diagnosis of FIP.

A

“Rivalta test”
PCR
Histopathology

Serology (but pos. result only tells you about exposure to FCoV, not FIP)

Titers >1:16 000 suggestive of FIP in cats showing signs of dz. False negatives tho.

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17
Q

Most cats with positive serologic titers for FCoV ….

A

never develop FIP.

It’s only a small portion of these cats in which the (mostly) fatal mutation takes place.

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18
Q

What is the “Rivalta test”?

A

A in-clinic test for detecting FIP.

  • 8ml distilled water + 1 drop of 98% vinegar + 1 drop of effusion fluid
  • If the drop disappears – negative (indicates transudate)
  • If drop stays - positive (indicates exudate)

However, this is not gold standard, immunohistochemistry is.

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19
Q

Treatment of FIP.

A

No tx

Provide comfort and supportive/palliative care.

Acute Tx: thoracocentesis, oxygen therapy, IV fluids.

Chronic Tx: antiviral drugs, immunomodulating drugs, immune suppression drugs etc.

Experimental treatment available in the US and far east. Not licensed for use at this point (nucleoside analogues
GS441524 and Remdesivir (GS-5734): is a prodrug of GS-441524).

20
Q

Prevalence of FIP development out of all cats who have FCoV?

A

approx. 5%

But outbreaks can occur, even up to 60%.
Concurrent diseases can predispose as well as stress.

A problem in shelters and multi-cat environments.

21
Q

Prevention of FIP.

A

fe corona virus Vaccination

Optimize husbandry practices

In catteries: separate seronegative cats from seropositives.

In catteries: remove kittens from positive queens and other adult cats at 5-6 weeks old.

When possible, only seronegative cats should be added to cattery.

22
Q

Experimental treatment drug for FIP.

A

nucleoside analog GS-441524

inhibits the multiplication of the agent

23
Q

Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a viral disease of cats, caused by Retrovirus, and is characterized by

A

chronic immunosuppression.

24
Q

Causative agent of FIV.
genus, family, DNA type

A

Agent: Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)
Genus Lentivirus,
family Retroviridae
RNA virus

25
Q

Serotypes of FIV.

A

Five serotypes (A-E).

In Europe: A, B, C and D

One cat can be infected with multiple serotypes at the same time causing superinfection.

26
Q

Host range and age demographic of FIV.

A

all felidae

Male > female
- Adult male sexually intact free-roaming cats (“fighting cats”) are at higher risk for infection.

Adults > kittens
- Most common infections in > 6 year-olds.

27
Q

Prevalence of FIV.

A

Worldwide

Prevalence higher where more free-roaming cats (e.g. Italy, Japan).

Prevalence in U.S.:
- Client-owned cats 2.5-6%
- Stray cats 3.5-23%

28
Q

Transmission of FIV.

A

Excretion: saliva, blood

Direct contact
(In utero)

Route: via bite wounds, mating

29
Q

Clinical signs of FIV.

A

FIV infection most often occurs without overt clinical signs.

When clinical manifestation occurs, usually associated with:
- Secondary infections that develop due immunosuppression.

  • Signs due to neoplasia (increased risk of lymphoma)..
  • FIV-associated neurologic dysfunction
30
Q

Phases of FIV progression.

A

Acute, latent, terminal phases.

Acute phase is usually unnoticed but may cause fever, lethargy or lymphadenopathy. (Lasts days to a few weeks)

Latent phase is asymptomatic (Lasts for months to several years).

Terminal phase (feline AIDS) clinical signs related to:
- Secondary infections (enteric, respiratory, cutaneous, or other)
- Tumors
- Infection of the CNS – behavioral changes, seizures, paresis

31
Q

Material for diagnosis of FIV.

A

blood

32
Q

Lab analyses for diagnosis of FIV.

A

ELISA (antibodies)
- Can’t distinguish antibodies from vaccine and from infection.
- Up to 8 weeks required to produce antibodies after infection.
- Kittens: maternal antibodies <12 weeks.
- False-positives

PCR
<50% false-negatives

33
Q

Tx of FIV.

A

lifestyle management

Staying indoors – prevents transmission and secondary infections.

If secondary infections – ABs .

FIV-positives may have excellent quality of life for years – not a reason for euthanasia!

34
Q

Prevention of FIV.

A

vaccination

don’t allow positive cats to roam and spread it.

35
Q

Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) is a contagious disease of cats, caused by Retrovirus, and is characterized by

A

immunosuppression, myelosuppression and neoplasia.

36
Q

Causative agent of FeLV.
genus
family
DNA type

A

Agent: Feline leukemia virus (FeLV)
Family Retroviridae
ss RNA

37
Q

Subgroups of FeLV.

A

Three subgroups (A, B and C).

A – present in all infected cats
B – common in cats with neoplasia
C – rare, can cause nonregenerative anemia

38
Q

FeLV survival.

A

Virus is highly sensitive to desiccation, disinfectants and heat.

Susceptible to most common disinfectants, incl. common soap.

Survives only minutes outside the host.

39
Q

Host range of FeLV.

A

Host range: domestic cats
- Rarely wild felids

Young cats (<1 year) are more likely to become persistently viremic.

Male > female

Free-roaming cats more likely to be exposed.

Latent carriers

Found worldwide.

40
Q

Transmission of FeLV.

A

Excretion: saliva, blood

Direct contact
In utero

Route: alimentary (grooming), transplacental

41
Q

IP of FeLV.

A

IP: months (or even years)

42
Q

Clinical signs FeLV.

A

Often nonspecific, Poor body condition,
Depression, Weakness, Lymphadenopathy

These signs are due to:
- Immunosuppression with secondary infection

  • Myelosuppression (mainly non-regenerative anemia)
  • Or neoplasia (mainly lymphoma)

“Fading kitten syndrome” – death within the first 2 weeks of life

43
Q

FeLV induced Lymphoma may cause:

A
  • Dyspnea due to mediastinal mass and pleural effusion
  • Diarrhea from intestinal lymphoma
  • Vomiting from renal failure due to renal lymphoma
  • Icterus due to hepatic lymphoma
44
Q

Diagnosis of FeLV.

A

Material: Blood

Antigen ELISA and IFA
- Elisa is more sensitive and detects viremia earlier.
- Both positive: infection >3 weeks
- ELISA positive, IFA negative: infection <3 weeks (early infection) – retest after 6 weeks.
- Latently infected cats are negative for both!

Blood smears
PCR

45
Q

What is IFA?

A

Immunofluorescence assay (IFA)

a standard virologic technique to identify the presence of antibodies by their specific ability to react with viral antigens expressed in infected cells; bound antibodies are visualized by incubation with fluorescently labeled antibody.

46
Q

Tx of FeLV.

A

Tx: ABs if secondary infections

Keep cat indoors to prevent secondary infections!

Diagnosis of FeLV is not a reason for euthanasia!

Infected cats can live several years with good quality of life.

47
Q

Prevention of FeLV.

A

Keep cats indoors
Vaccination

Infectious diseases I & II (33 decks)

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