Inf. diseases II - Swine diseases (resp.+joints) Flashcards
PNEUMONIC PASTEURELLOSIS causative agent:
gram neg. facultatively anaerobic,
non-moving, non-hemolytic
Pasteurella multocida
Pasteurella multocida is commonly isolated from the lungs of pigs with: (3)
Chronic pneumonia
Purulent bronchopneumonia
Pleuritis
P. multocida is a common secondary infection in the lungs of pigs with (2)
enzootic pneumonia associated with M. hyopneumoniae.
Also common in association with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae.
PNEUMONIC PASTEURELLOSIS is a sporadic disease of swine, caused by Pasteurella multocida, and characterized by
acute bronchopneumonia.
Most common serotype of Pasteurella multocida (in what %?)
Capsular serotype A (88%)
How many serotypes of P. multocida?
Which are most common?
16 serotypes – most common: 3 and 5
(capsular serotype A makes up 88% of cases)
What enzymes is P.multocida positive and negative for?
Oxidase and indole positive,
urease negative
Survival of P.multocida in the environment
Can survive in water for 14 days
In aerosols in low humidity: 1h
Host range of pneumonic pasteurellosis
pigs
Although found in other species it is generally assumed that there is little interspecies transfer.
Where does P.multocida typically reside?
carried in the nasal cavity and tonsils of clinically healthy pigs
In ill pigs, isolated in the lungs.
Mortality of pneumonic pasteurellosis?
Mortality 5-40%
Transmission of pneumonic pasteurellosis
Excretion: respiratory
Direct contact
Aerosols
Route: inhalation or ingestion
Sporadic cases of acute bronchopneumonia (pneumonic pasteurellosis) is seen in what age group?
in grower-finisher pigs
Clinical signs of pneumonic pasteurellosis
Fever <41°C
Anorexia, lethargy
Respiratory distress with labored respiration and increased lung sounds leads to
breathing through the mouth.
Cyanosis
Death in 4-7 days if not treated
pneumonic pasteurellosis May also exist in chronic form within pigs in a herd as part of
the swine pneumonia complex
Post mortem signs of pneumonic pasteurellosis (3)
Chronic bronchopneumonia with abscessation
Pleuritis, pericarditis
Material for diagnosis of pneumonic pasteurellosis (3)
BAL
Swab from nasal cavity
Lung tissue
Lab analyses for diagnosis of pneumonic pasteurellosis (1)
Isolate the agent
TX for pneumonic pasteurellosis (1)
Abs
Can be effective if started early
Prevention & control pneumonic pasteurellosis
Vaccination ineffective: None available in Estonia
Preventative measures are the same as for enzootic pneumonia
All-in-all-out systems are preferred
Swine flu, also known as?
Is caused by? (3)
Swine influenza
Swine Influenza A virus subtypes H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2
SWINE INFLUENZA is a very contagious disease of swine, caused by Orthomyxovirus, and characterized by
fever, muscle stiffness and thumps.
Swine influenza genus and family
G.Alpha influenza virus
F.Orthomyxoviridae
Subtypes of swine influenza virus (3)
H1N1, H1N2,
H3N2
Pig H1N1 and human H1N1 have a common
avian ancestor
Host range of swine influenza virus: (2)
pigs (mostly piglets), humans
Last pandemic in humans: 2010
Avian H1N1 can be pathogenic to pigs
Season for swine influenza virus cases?
fall-winter
Morbidity of swine influenza virus?
Morbidity 100%
Mortality of swine influenza virus?
Mortality (case fatality) <5%
Transmission of swine influenza virus
Excretion: saliva, nasal and ocular discharge
Aerogenic (droplets)
Route: respiratory
After recovery pigs may become carriers.
IP of swine influenza virus:
1-3 days (2-7 days)
Clinical signs of swine influenza virus (5+)
Depression, weakness, anorexia
Fever 42°C
Dyspnea, coughing, ‘thumps’
Mucous discharge from nose and eyes
Prostration
Can become chronic
Recovery in 4-6 days
Post mortem signs of swine influenza virus (3)
LNs – swelling and edema
Pneumonic areas of lungs – demarcated, collapsed, purplish red. More severe ventrally.
Mucopurulent exudate from airways
Material for diagnosis of swine influenza virus (3)
Swabs from nasal cavity
Blood
Lungs
Lab analyses for diagnosis of swine influenza virus (3)
Serology (ELISA) – antibodies, to estimate hemagglutination titer.
PCR – to detect virus
Histology
Tx for swine influenza virus
no specific Tx
If secondary infections: ABs.
To minimize secondary bacterial pneumonia: ABs in drinking water/feed profylactically in some countries.
Prevention & control of swine influenza virus.
Good housing – prevent severe outbreaks.
Vaccines – no documented evidence to support their use. In Estonia: Gripovac 3 and RESPIPORC FLU 3
Recovered animals become immune to subsequent infection for <3 months.
Symptoms of swine flu in people.
Streptococcus suis is mostly a disease of what age group?
piglets and growing pigs, caused by Streptococcus suis, and characterized by septicemia, meningitis, joint infections and bronchopneumonia.
Streptococcus suis is mostly a disease of piglets and growing pigs, caused by Streptococcus suis, and characterized by
septicemia, meningitis, joint infections and bronchopneumonia.
Describe the causative agent of streptococcus suis.
Gram+ streptococcus suis bacterium, facultatively anaerobic,
non-moving, round shape.
How many serotypes of streptococcus suis?
Most common?
35 serotypes
Most common serotypes 1-4 and 8.
Serotypes 1-8 cause disease in pigs.
S.suis survival in environment?
Survival in environment (serotype 2):
Water +2°C 1-2 weeks
Growing pig pen +22-25°C –
feces 8 days, aerosols 24h.
Carcasses +4°C 6 weeks,
+22-25°C 12 days.
Host range of strepto. suis
swine, human
NB! Zoonosis!
What age of pigs does strepto.suis usually affect?
Most commonly affects 5-10 week-old piglets (2-22 week-olds).
Infection most commonly during the first 3 weeks after weaning.
Rare in suckling piglets and adults.
Morbidity of streptococcus suis infection?
Morbidity 5%
In infected herds: <100%
Mortality of streptococcus suis infection?
Mortality <20%
Transmission of strepto.suis infection?
Excretion: respiratory
Direct contact (vertical transmission – at birth).
Horizontal transmission – aerosols, direct contact & fomites.
Route: respiratory, genital and oral routes
Most clinically healthy pigs are carriers of multiple serotypes of S. suis
IP of strepto.suis infection?
about 24h
Initial signs of strepto.suis infection? (3-4)
Fever
Septicemia
Inappetence, depression, shifting lameness
In peracute cases: death without previous signs.
Clinical signs of a full blown case of strepto.suis infection? (so not initial signs but later ones) (3)
Meningitis
Polyarthritis (joint infections)
Endocarditis (older piglets)
Post mortem signs of strepto.suis infection? (4)
Lymphadenopathy
Meningitis
Arthritis
Endocarditis
These are mainly seen in weaned and growing pigs.
Material for diagnosis of streptococcus suis infection. (2)
Tonsils
Brain tissue
Lab analyses for diagnosis of streptococcus suis infection. (3)
Isolating the agent
Serotyping the bacteria
PCR
No serology(antibodies) or biochemical tests available!
Tx: for streptococcal meningitis?
Broad spectrum ABs (e.g. amoxicillin) early on In water/feed and Continued for >5 days.
Prevention & control of streptococcus suis?
Vaccines - not in Estonia, are Relatively ineffective in case of outbreaks. Sow vaccination has poor results.
Good sanitary measures
Hard to eradicate – animals are already colonized right after or during farrowing
S. suis in humans
First registered in 1968 in Denmark.
In 2012: 1,584 cases worldwide.
Transmission via direct contact (pigs or pork meat).
Most commonly causes meningitis and sepsis.
Also: pneumonia, arthritis, endocarditis and streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome (STSS). Deafness is a common sequel (60%).
Glasser’s disease 2 alt. names
Infectious polyarthritis,
porcine polyserositis
Glasser’s disease is a polyserositis and arthritis of pigs caused by
Haemophilus parasuis.
Describe the causative agent of Glasser’s disease. (3)
How many serovars?
Haemophilus parasuis bacterium
Gram–, non-hemolytic bacillus
Produces endotoxin
15 serovars
Survival on Haemophilus parasuis in environment?
Very sensitive to dry climate
Host range of Glasser’s disease/Haemophilus parasuis?
pigs
Can also be part of normal flora of growing pig.
Most virulent serovars of HAamophilus parasuis? (7)
1, 4, 5,
10, 12, 13 and 14.
Outbreak age of Haemophilus parasuis?
Outbreak can occur in any age as are stress related but most common among weaner pigs.
Morbidity of Glasser’s disease upon primary introduction to herd.
Morbidity <70%
Mortality of Glasser’s disease upon primary introduction to herd.
Mortality <50%
Transmission of Glasser’s disease.
Excretion: respiratory
Pulmonary and nasal discharge
Direct contact
Vertical transmission – during lactation
Horizontal transmission – aerosols
Route: respiratory
IP of Glasser’s disease
IP: from few hours to few days
Forms of Glasser’s disease (2)
Forms: acute and peracute form
Acute form: 3-6 week-old piglets
Clinical signs of Glasser’s disease (5)
Respiratory signs: intensive dyspnea with abdominal respiration and cyanotic ears.
Systemic signs: intense feverish episode, anorexia and anemia.
Polyserositis
Joints: limping, inflammation and hot joints
Nervous: nervous symptoms and sudden death
Post mortem signs of Glasser’s disease (5)
Generalized fibrinous polyserositis
Fibrinous rhinitis and bronchopneumonia
Purulent meningitis
Fibrinous arthritis
Fibrinous pericarditis with hydropericardium
Material for diagnosis of Glasser’s disease? (2)
Swabs from serous membranes
Liquid from serous cavity (e.g. peritoneal fluid)
Lab analyses for diagnosis of Glasser’s disease? (2)
Isolation of the agent
Serotyping
Treatment of Glasser’s disease.
Tx: ABs (E.g. penicillin, enrofloxacins)
Start early!
With water/feed
Treat the whole herd
Prevention & control of Glasser’s disease.
Stress should be minimized: If possible, wean pigs later.
Vaccination:
In herd with endemic problem
Based on serotyping
2 alt. names for Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)
‘Mystery pig disease’
‘Blue-eared pig disease’
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a highly contagious viral disease of pigs, caused by
Arterivirus,
characterized by reproductive disorders, high piglet mortality and respiratory disease in young pigs.
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a highly contagious viral disease of pigs, caused by Arterivirus, and characterized by (3)
reproductive disorders,
high piglet mortality and
respiratory disease in young pigs.
Describe the causative Agent of Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV).
Genus Arterivirus, family Arteriviridae
RNA virus
Double layer of lipid membrane
Isolated in 1991 in the Netherlands – Lelystad virus.
Two strains: European and US strains
European strain less virulent.
Survival of Arterivirus in the environment.
(What disease?)
Survives in +4°C for a month
Sensitive to changes in environmental pH
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV).
Host range of PRRSV.
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus
pigs
Subclinical infection endemic in most herds.
Latent carriers.
What causes the death of individuals suffering from Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome?
Death usually associated with secondary infections (e.g. S. suis)
Morbidity of PRRSV.
Morbidity 50% (young pigs)
Mortality of PRRSV.
Mortality <25% (nursery piglets)
Transmission of PRRSV?
Excretion: respiratory, aborted fetuses and tissues, urine, feces and sperm.
Direct contact
Also in utero transmission is possible
Route: alimentary or respiratory
IP of PRRS
IP: 2-7 days
Forms of PRRS.
Two forms:
reproductive failure and respiratory dz
Clinical signs of repro.failure caused by PRRS.
Initial signs (5-50%): anorexia, lethargy, depression and mild fever.
Sudden increase in early farrowing, late-term abortion, stillborn and mummified fetuses, partially autolyzed fetuses.
Weak neonates.
Late return to estrus, repeat breeders.
European strain: cyanosis of ears, tail, vulva, abdomen and snout.
Reproductive disease may be preceded by, or follow, respiratory disease.
Clinical signs of respiratory disease caused by PRRS.
One of the most important contributors for complex of respiratory disease is PRRSV.
Especially common in nursing and weaned pigs.
Anorexia, fever, dyspnea, polypnea, coughing, subnormal growth rates.
Bluish discoloration of the ears, vulva and abdomen may appear.
Nursery pigs: conjunctivitis, sneezing and diarrhea.
Post mortem signs of PRRSV. (2)
Interstitial pneumonia with reduction in all alveolar macrophages.
Aborted and mummified fetuses, stillbirths
Material for diagnosis of PRRS. (4)
Blood
Peritoneal fluid
Lung, tonsils, spleen
Aborted fetuses and tissues
Lab analyses for diagnosis of PRRS. (3)
Virology
Serology (ELISA) – antibodies
Identification of the agent(immunofluorescence microscopy)
Tx of PRRS.
no specific Tx, is viral
Prevention & control of PRRS. (3)
Prevention: new animals only from seronegative herds.
Eradication from herd: stamping out strategy.
Control: vaccination. Vaccination is not recommended in seronegative herds.
In Estonia: 3 vaccines
