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Infectious diseases I & II > Inf. diseases II - Swine diseases (resp.+joints) > Flashcards

Inf. diseases II - Swine diseases (resp.+joints) Flashcards

1
Q

PNEUMONIC PASTEURELLOSIS causative agent:

A

gram neg. facultatively anaerobic,
non-moving, non-hemolytic

Pasteurella multocida

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2
Q

Pasteurella multocida is commonly isolated from the lungs of pigs with: (3)

A

Chronic pneumonia
Purulent bronchopneumonia
Pleuritis

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3
Q

P. multocida is a common secondary infection in the lungs of pigs with (2)

A

enzootic pneumonia associated with M. hyopneumoniae.

Also common in association with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae.

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4
Q

PNEUMONIC PASTEURELLOSIS is a sporadic disease of swine, caused by Pasteurella multocida, and characterized by

A

acute bronchopneumonia.

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5
Q

Most common serotype of Pasteurella multocida (in what %?)

A

Capsular serotype A (88%)

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6
Q

How many serotypes of P. multocida?
Which are most common?

A

16 serotypes – most common: 3 and 5

(capsular serotype A makes up 88% of cases)

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7
Q

What enzymes is P.multocida positive and negative for?

A

Oxidase and indole positive,
urease negative

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8
Q

Survival of P.multocida in the environment

A

Can survive in water for 14 days
In aerosols in low humidity: 1h

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9
Q

Host range of pneumonic pasteurellosis

A

pigs

Although found in other species it is generally assumed that there is little interspecies transfer.

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10
Q

Where does P.multocida typically reside?

A

carried in the nasal cavity and tonsils of clinically healthy pigs

In ill pigs, isolated in the lungs.

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11
Q

Mortality of pneumonic pasteurellosis?

A

Mortality 5-40%

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12
Q

Transmission of pneumonic pasteurellosis

A

Excretion: respiratory

Direct contact
Aerosols

Route: inhalation or ingestion

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13
Q

Sporadic cases of acute bronchopneumonia (pneumonic pasteurellosis) is seen in what age group?

A

in grower-finisher pigs

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14
Q

Clinical signs of pneumonic pasteurellosis

A

Fever <41°C
Anorexia, lethargy

Respiratory distress with labored respiration and increased lung sounds leads to
breathing through the mouth.

Cyanosis
Death in 4-7 days if not treated

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15
Q

pneumonic pasteurellosis May also exist in chronic form within pigs in a herd as part of

A

the swine pneumonia complex

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16
Q

Post mortem signs of pneumonic pasteurellosis (3)

A

Chronic bronchopneumonia with abscessation

Pleuritis, pericarditis

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17
Q

Material for diagnosis of pneumonic pasteurellosis (3)

A

BAL
Swab from nasal cavity
Lung tissue

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18
Q

Lab analyses for diagnosis of pneumonic pasteurellosis (1)

A

Isolate the agent

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19
Q

TX for pneumonic pasteurellosis (1)

A

Abs
Can be effective if started early

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20
Q

Prevention & control pneumonic pasteurellosis

A

Vaccination ineffective: None available in Estonia

Preventative measures are the same as for enzootic pneumonia

All-in-all-out systems are preferred

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21
Q

Swine flu, also known as?
Is caused by? (3)

A

Swine influenza

Swine Influenza A virus subtypes H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2

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22
Q

SWINE INFLUENZA is a very contagious disease of swine, caused by Orthomyxovirus, and characterized by

A

fever, muscle stiffness and thumps.

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23
Q

Swine influenza genus and family

A

G.Alpha influenza virus
F.Orthomyxoviridae

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24
Q

Subtypes of swine influenza virus (3)

A

H1N1, H1N2,
H3N2

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25
Q

Pig H1N1 and human H1N1 have a common

A

avian ancestor

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26
Q

Host range of swine influenza virus: (2)

A

pigs (mostly piglets), humans

Last pandemic in humans: 2010

Avian H1N1 can be pathogenic to pigs

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27
Q

Season for swine influenza virus cases?

A

fall-winter

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28
Q

Morbidity of swine influenza virus?

A

Morbidity 100%

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29
Q

Mortality of swine influenza virus?

A

Mortality (case fatality) <5%

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30
Q

Transmission of swine influenza virus

A

Excretion: saliva, nasal and ocular discharge

Aerogenic (droplets)

Route: respiratory

After recovery pigs may become carriers.

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31
Q

IP of swine influenza virus:

A

1-3 days (2-7 days)

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32
Q

Clinical signs of swine influenza virus (5+)

A

Depression, weakness, anorexia
Fever 42°C

Dyspnea, coughing, ‘thumps’
Mucous discharge from nose and eyes
Prostration

Can become chronic
Recovery in 4-6 days

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33
Q

Post mortem signs of swine influenza virus (3)

A

LNs – swelling and edema

Pneumonic areas of lungs – demarcated, collapsed, purplish red. More severe ventrally.

Mucopurulent exudate from airways

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34
Q

Material for diagnosis of swine influenza virus (3)

A

Swabs from nasal cavity
Blood
Lungs

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35
Q

Lab analyses for diagnosis of swine influenza virus (3)

A

Serology (ELISA) – antibodies, to estimate hemagglutination titer.

PCR – to detect virus

Histology

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36
Q

Tx for swine influenza virus

A

no specific Tx

If secondary infections: ABs.

To minimize secondary bacterial pneumonia: ABs in drinking water/feed profylactically in some countries.

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37
Q

Prevention & control of swine influenza virus.

A

Good housing – prevent severe outbreaks.

Vaccines – no documented evidence to support their use. In Estonia: Gripovac 3 and RESPIPORC FLU 3

Recovered animals become immune to subsequent infection for <3 months.

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38
Q

Symptoms of swine flu in people.

A
39
Q

Streptococcus suis is mostly a disease of what age group?

A

piglets and growing pigs, caused by Streptococcus suis, and characterized by septicemia, meningitis, joint infections and bronchopneumonia.

40
Q

Streptococcus suis is mostly a disease of piglets and growing pigs, caused by Streptococcus suis, and characterized by

A

septicemia, meningitis, joint infections and bronchopneumonia.

41
Q

Describe the causative agent of streptococcus suis.

A

Gram+ streptococcus suis bacterium, facultatively anaerobic,
non-moving, round shape.

42
Q

How many serotypes of streptococcus suis?
Most common?

A

35 serotypes

Most common serotypes 1-4 and 8.

Serotypes 1-8 cause disease in pigs.

43
Q

S.suis survival in environment?

A

Survival in environment (serotype 2):

Water +2°C 1-2 weeks

Growing pig pen +22-25°C –
feces 8 days, aerosols 24h.

Carcasses +4°C 6 weeks,
+22-25°C 12 days.

44
Q

Host range of strepto. suis

A

swine, human

NB! Zoonosis!

45
Q

What age of pigs does strepto.suis usually affect?

A

Most commonly affects 5-10 week-old piglets (2-22 week-olds).

Infection most commonly during the first 3 weeks after weaning.

Rare in suckling piglets and adults.

46
Q

Morbidity of streptococcus suis infection?

A

Morbidity 5%
In infected herds: <100%

47
Q

Mortality of streptococcus suis infection?

A

Mortality <20%

48
Q

Transmission of strepto.suis infection?

A

Excretion: respiratory

Direct contact (vertical transmission – at birth).

Horizontal transmission – aerosols, direct contact & fomites.

Route: respiratory, genital and oral routes

Most clinically healthy pigs are carriers of multiple serotypes of S. suis

49
Q

IP of strepto.suis infection?

A

about 24h

50
Q

Initial signs of strepto.suis infection? (3-4)

A

Fever
Septicemia
Inappetence, depression, shifting lameness

In peracute cases: death without previous signs.

51
Q

Clinical signs of a full blown case of strepto.suis infection? (so not initial signs but later ones) (3)

A

Meningitis
Polyarthritis (joint infections)
Endocarditis (older piglets)

52
Q

Post mortem signs of strepto.suis infection? (4)

A

Lymphadenopathy
Meningitis
Arthritis
Endocarditis

These are mainly seen in weaned and growing pigs.

53
Q

Material for diagnosis of streptococcus suis infection. (2)

A

Tonsils
Brain tissue

54
Q

Lab analyses for diagnosis of streptococcus suis infection. (3)

A

Isolating the agent
Serotyping the bacteria
PCR

No serology(antibodies) or biochemical tests available!

55
Q

Tx: for streptococcal meningitis?

A

Broad spectrum ABs (e.g. amoxicillin) early on In water/feed and Continued for >5 days.

56
Q

Prevention & control of streptococcus suis?

A

Vaccines - not in Estonia, are Relatively ineffective in case of outbreaks. Sow vaccination has poor results.

Good sanitary measures

Hard to eradicate – animals are already colonized right after or during farrowing

57
Q

S. suis in humans

A

First registered in 1968 in Denmark.
In 2012: 1,584 cases worldwide.

Transmission via direct contact (pigs or pork meat).

Most commonly causes meningitis and sepsis.

Also: pneumonia, arthritis, endocarditis and streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome (STSS). Deafness is a common sequel (60%).

58
Q

Glasser’s disease 2 alt. names

A

Infectious polyarthritis,
porcine polyserositis

59
Q

Glasser’s disease is a polyserositis and arthritis of pigs caused by

A

Haemophilus parasuis.

60
Q

Describe the causative agent of Glasser’s disease. (3)
How many serovars?

A

Haemophilus parasuis bacterium

Gram–, non-hemolytic bacillus

Produces endotoxin

15 serovars

61
Q

Survival on Haemophilus parasuis in environment?

A

Very sensitive to dry climate

62
Q

Host range of Glasser’s disease/Haemophilus parasuis?

A

pigs

Can also be part of normal flora of growing pig.

63
Q

Most virulent serovars of HAamophilus parasuis? (7)

A

1, 4, 5,
10, 12, 13 and 14.

64
Q

Outbreak age of Haemophilus parasuis?

A

Outbreak can occur in any age as are stress related but most common among weaner pigs.

65
Q

Morbidity of Glasser’s disease upon primary introduction to herd.

A

Morbidity <70%

66
Q

Mortality of Glasser’s disease upon primary introduction to herd.

A

Mortality <50%

67
Q

Transmission of Glasser’s disease.

A

Excretion: respiratory
Pulmonary and nasal discharge

Direct contact
Vertical transmission – during lactation
Horizontal transmission – aerosols

Route: respiratory

68
Q

IP of Glasser’s disease

A

IP: from few hours to few days

69
Q

Forms of Glasser’s disease (2)

A

Forms: acute and peracute form

Acute form: 3-6 week-old piglets

70
Q

Clinical signs of Glasser’s disease (5)

A

Respiratory signs: intensive dyspnea with abdominal respiration and cyanotic ears.

Systemic signs: intense feverish episode, anorexia and anemia.

Polyserositis

Joints: limping, inflammation and hot joints

Nervous: nervous symptoms and sudden death

71
Q

Post mortem signs of Glasser’s disease (5)

A

Generalized fibrinous polyserositis

Fibrinous rhinitis and bronchopneumonia

Purulent meningitis

Fibrinous arthritis

Fibrinous pericarditis with hydropericardium

72
Q

Material for diagnosis of Glasser’s disease? (2)

A

Swabs from serous membranes

Liquid from serous cavity (e.g. peritoneal fluid)

73
Q

Lab analyses for diagnosis of Glasser’s disease? (2)

A

Isolation of the agent
Serotyping

74
Q

Treatment of Glasser’s disease.

A

Tx: ABs (E.g. penicillin, enrofloxacins)

Start early!
With water/feed
Treat the whole herd

75
Q

Prevention & control of Glasser’s disease.

A

Stress should be minimized: If possible, wean pigs later.

Vaccination:
In herd with endemic problem
Based on serotyping

76
Q

2 alt. names for Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)

A

‘Mystery pig disease’
‘Blue-eared pig disease’

77
Q

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a highly contagious viral disease of pigs, caused by

A

Arterivirus,

characterized by reproductive disorders, high piglet mortality and respiratory disease in young pigs.

78
Q

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a highly contagious viral disease of pigs, caused by Arterivirus, and characterized by (3)

A

reproductive disorders,
high piglet mortality and
respiratory disease in young pigs.

79
Q

Describe the causative Agent of Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV).

A

Genus Arterivirus, family Arteriviridae
RNA virus

Double layer of lipid membrane
Isolated in 1991 in the Netherlands – Lelystad virus.

Two strains: European and US strains
European strain less virulent.

80
Q

Survival of Arterivirus in the environment.
(What disease?)

A

Survives in +4°C for a month
Sensitive to changes in environmental pH

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV).

81
Q

Host range of PRRSV.

A

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

pigs

Subclinical infection endemic in most herds.
Latent carriers.

82
Q

What causes the death of individuals suffering from Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome?

A

Death usually associated with secondary infections (e.g. S. suis)

83
Q

Morbidity of PRRSV.

A

Morbidity 50% (young pigs)

84
Q

Mortality of PRRSV.

A

Mortality <25% (nursery piglets)

85
Q

Transmission of PRRSV?

A

Excretion: respiratory, aborted fetuses and tissues, urine, feces and sperm.

Direct contact
Also in utero transmission is possible

Route: alimentary or respiratory

86
Q

IP of PRRS

A

IP: 2-7 days

87
Q

Forms of PRRS.

A

Two forms:
reproductive failure and respiratory dz

88
Q

Clinical signs of repro.failure caused by PRRS.

A

Initial signs (5-50%): anorexia, lethargy, depression and mild fever.

Sudden increase in early farrowing, late-term abortion, stillborn and mummified fetuses, partially autolyzed fetuses.

Weak neonates.
Late return to estrus, repeat breeders.

European strain: cyanosis of ears, tail, vulva, abdomen and snout.

Reproductive disease may be preceded by, or follow, respiratory disease.

89
Q

Clinical signs of respiratory disease caused by PRRS.

A

One of the most important contributors for complex of respiratory disease is PRRSV.

Especially common in nursing and weaned pigs.

Anorexia, fever, dyspnea, polypnea, coughing, subnormal growth rates.

Bluish discoloration of the ears, vulva and abdomen may appear.

Nursery pigs: conjunctivitis, sneezing and diarrhea.

90
Q

Post mortem signs of PRRSV. (2)

A

Interstitial pneumonia with reduction in all alveolar macrophages.

Aborted and mummified fetuses, stillbirths

91
Q

Material for diagnosis of PRRS. (4)

A

Blood
Peritoneal fluid
Lung, tonsils, spleen
Aborted fetuses and tissues

92
Q

Lab analyses for diagnosis of PRRS. (3)

A

Virology

Serology (ELISA) – antibodies

Identification of the agent(immunofluorescence microscopy)

93
Q

Tx of PRRS.

A

no specific Tx, is viral

94
Q

Prevention & control of PRRS. (3)

A

Prevention: new animals only from seronegative herds.

Eradication from herd: stamping out strategy.

Control: vaccination. Vaccination is not recommended in seronegative herds.
In Estonia: 3 vaccines

Infectious diseases I & II (33 decks)

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