Lecture 2 - Disinfection & vaccination

Question 1

difference between biosecurity and biosafety?

Answer 1

Biosafety provides policies and practices to prevent the unintentional or accidental release of specific biological agents and toxins,

whereas biosecurity provides policies and practices to prevent the intentional or negligent release of biological materials or the acquisition of knowledge, tools, or techniques that could be used to cause harm.

Question 2

Biosecurity is

Answer 2

a set of preventive measures designed to reduce the risk of intentional transmission of infectious diseases, then to harden and safeguard facilities containing sensitive biological materials with a biological weapons potential.

Question 3

Three principles to remember in regard to disinfection and biosecurity:

Answer 3

1. Cleaning and disinfection should not rely on a single application of a physical agent or chemical compound
2. Chemical agents are effective only when they come into direct contact with the pathogen and for a sufficient amount of time
3. Pathogens vary considerably in their degree of resistance to inactivating agents

Question 4

The Primary objective of disinfection is:

Answer 4

to remove all large particles of earth and other visible soil in order to ensure sufficient contact between the disinfectant and pathogens

Question 5

4 types of barriers into an organism

Answer 5

1. anatomical (skin/mucosa)
2. physiological (temp/pH)
3. endo- and phagocytic barrier
4. inflammatory barrier (acute phase response)

Question 6

Ig to dominate in milk of ruminants and pigs

Answer 6

IgG; other species IgA

Question 7

Maternal antibodies supress the immune reactivity of the new-born through what mechanisms (3)

Answer 7

• Central suppression –suppression of production of antibodies with the same specificity that are present in mother’s colostrum
• Antigen binding caused suppression –due to antigen binding the antigen recognition is hampered

-Nonspecific immunosuppressive factors in colostrum

Question 8

when will Newborns left without colostrum start to produce antibodies (if they survive)

Answer 8

significantly earlier than those who received colostrum

• Calves: 1 and 4 weeks after birth respectively
• Piglets: 2 days and 5-6 weeks after birth respectively

Question 9

VACCINATION is

Answer 9

the administration of antigenic material (a vaccine) to stimulate an individual’s immune system to develop adaptive immunity to a pathogen.

Question 10

describre an Epitheliochorial placenta
give species examples

Answer 10

Ruminants, horse, pig
- IgG does not transfer

Question 11

describe an Endotheliochorial placenta
give species examples

Answer 11

dog & cat
- IgG transferred in some extent (5-10%)

Question 12

describe an hemochorial placenta
give species examples

Answer 12

humans & other primates
- IgG directly transferred to bloodstream

Question 13

The clinical efficacy defines the

Answer 13

indication of the vaccine

In the EU the producer has to prove the efficacy according to the indication.

Question 14

vaccine Potency is

Answer 14

the ability of the vaccine to stimulate measureable immune reactions (usually antibody titer)

Question 15

A vaccine’sefficacyis

Answer 15

a measure of how well vaccination protects against outcomes such as infection.