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Infectious diseases I & II > Lecture 6 - Part. 2 RPV, CBPP & LSDV > Flashcards

Lecture 6 - Part. 2 RPV, CBPP & LSDV Flashcards

1
Q

Rinderpest is also known as

A

cattle plague

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2
Q

rinderpest is caused by

A

a virus called Rinderpest virus (RPV).

this is a morbillivirus (family paramyxoviridae).

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3
Q

RINDERPEST (RP) is

A

an acute, highly contagious disease of cloven-hooved animals, caused by Morbillivirus, characterized by fever, necrotic stomatitis, gastroenteritis, lymphoid necrosis, and high mortality.

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4
Q

RINDERPEST (RP) is an acute, highly contagious disease of cloven-hovfed animals, caused by

A

Morbillivirus.

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5
Q

RINDERPEST (RP) is an acute, highly contagious disease of cloven-hooved animals, caused by Morbillivirus, characterized by (5)

A

fever, necrotic stomatitis, gastroenteritis, lymphoid necrosis, and high mortality.

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6
Q

Rinderpest virus (RPV) belongs to what viral family and what viral genus?

A

Family Paramyxoviridae, genus Morbillivirus

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7
Q

What type of Virus is Rinderpest virus (RPV)

A

RNA-virus

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7
Q

How many serotypes does RPV have?

A

rinderpest virus

One serotype, three genetically distinct lineages.

1&2 are African
3 is Asian

Full cross-protection so antibodies due to one strain are good against all strains.

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8
Q

Rinderpest virus (RPV) inactive at what pH?

A

Inactivation at pH < 4.0 and > 10.0

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9
Q

Rinderpest virus (RPV) inactivation by

A

Most common disinfectants can inactivate.

Quickly inactivated in environment:
sensitive to light, dessication and UV-light

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10
Q

In what temp situation can Rinderpest virus (RPV) remain viable?

A

Can remain viable for long periods in chilled or frozen tissues.

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11
Q

Host range of RPV?

A

most cloven-hooved animals (Artiodactyla)

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12
Q

define Artiodactyla

A

an order of mammals that comprises the even-toed ungulates (cloven-hooved mammal)

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13
Q

species particularly susceptible to RPV?
& species mildly susceptible to RPV?

A

Particularly susceptible: cattle, water buffalo, yaks, African buffalo, giraffes, warthogs and Tragelaphinae (= Spiral-horned antelope pictured).

Mildly susceptible: sheep, goats

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14
Q

Morbidity of RPV

A

Morbidity is high at 100%.

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15
Q

Factors affecting mortality?
and what is the mortality rate of RPV?

A

Mortality depends on virus strain, animal (e.g. breed) and environment.

E.g. mortality rate is 100% in European cattle breeds and with peracute strains,

20-30% mortaliry in zebu cattle and acute strains,

and 0% in zebu cattle with mild strains.

Initial mortality 10-20%.

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16
Q

Transmission RPV?

A

Direct contact
(Close) indirect contact – fomites possible.

Route: via epithelium of the upper or lower respiratory tract

Infected animals do not become carriers!

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17
Q

Excretion of RPV?

A

Tears, nasal discharge, saliva, urine and faeces.

Blood and all tissues are infectious before clinical signs appear!

Most infectious period 1-2 days before clinical signs and 8-9 days after onset of clinical signs.

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18
Q

Incubation period of RPV?

A

3-15 days (usually 4-5 days)

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19
Q

Forms of RPV?

A

classic, peracute, subacute, atypical

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20
Q

The 4 D’s of Rinderpest:

A
  1. Depression
  2. Diarrhea
  3. Dehydration
  4. Death
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21
Q

Classic clinical signs of RPV in cattle (4-5)

A

Pyrexia,
“crying cow”/excessive lacrimation
erosive stomatitis,
gastroenteritis,
dehydration and death

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22
Q

RPV disease is Divided into stages: (4)

A

Prodromal period (ca 3 days)
Erosive phase
GI-signs phase
Death in 6-12 days

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23
Q

Describe PERACUTE RPV disease?

A

Young and newborn animals

High fever ( > 40⁰C),
congested mucous membranes.

Death in 2-3 days.

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24
Q

Describe subacute RPV disease? (2)

A

mild clinical signs, low mortality

(poss. “crying cow”/excessive lacrimation
erosive stomatitis etc.)

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25
Q

Describe atypical RPV disease? (2)

A

irregular pyrexia, mild or no diarrhea

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26
Q

Clinical signs of RPV in sheep & goat (4-5)

A

Variable signs: pyrexia, anorexia and minor ocular discharge

Sometimes diarrhea

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27
Q

Clinical signs of RPV in pigs (3)

A

Pyrexia, anorexia and prostration (laying down exhausted)

Erosions of buccal mucosa
Diarrhea

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28
Q

Post mortem signs of RPV

A

Oesophagus: brown and necrotic foci

LN: swollen and edematous

Gall bladder: hemorrhagic mucosa

Lungs: emphysema, congestion and areas of pneumonia

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29
Q

Post mortem GI lesions of RPV

A

Omasum: rare erosions and hemorrhages

Small intestine, abomasum, cecum and colon: necrosis, edema and congestion, “tiger/zebra striping”.

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30
Q

DDx in case of RPV

A

BVD (bovine viral diarrhea)
Malignant catarrhal fever
IBR (infectious bovine rhinotracheitis)

VS (vesicular stomatitis)
FMD
Salmonellosis

Johne’s disease
Bluetongue
Peste des petits ruminants

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31
Q

Material for diagnosis of RPV (3)

A

Blood
Spleen, lymph nodes
Ocular/nasal discharge

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32
Q

How to differentiate FMD vesicles from RPV vesicles?

A

In FMD, the vesicles/lesions are round and can be found on the feet and mammary glands too.

In RPV, the lesions are not neatly round but more spread/diffuse and can be necrotic.

(also excessive lacrimation is not seen in FMD but is in RPV)

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33
Q

Laboratory analysis for diagnosis of RPV (3)

A

Virus isolation
Antigens
RNA

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34
Q

Treatment for RPV

A

no treatment

vaccine exists: is live attenuated

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35
Q

control strategy for RPV (4-5)

A

Strategy: “stamping out”
Quarantines and movement control.
Decontamination of infected premises.
Intensive focal vaccination

Ring-vaccination during outbreak possible.

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36
Q

CBPP

A

Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia

37
Q

Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia is caused by what pathogen?

A

the bacteria Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides

38
Q

Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is a

A

highly contagious mycoplasmosis, caused by Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides, characterized by pneumonia and other respiratory signs.

39
Q

Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is a highly contagious mycoplasmosis, caused by Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides, characterized by

A

pneumonia and other respiratory signs.

39
Q

MmmSC

A

an abbreviation that refers to the agent causing CBPP (contagious bovine pleuropneumonia)

“Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. Mycoides Small Colony type” = MmmSC

40
Q

MmmSC lineages

A

“Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. Mycoides Small Colony type” = MmmSC

Three main lineages: African and European lineages

41
Q

Describe MmmSC phenotype and resistance profile.

A

“Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. Mycoides Small Colony type” = MmmSC

No cell walls
Pleomorphic

Resistant to AB-s of the beta-lactam group (e.g. penicillin).

42
Q

Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. Mycoides is Inactivated by (3)

A

acid and alkaline pH.

Quickly inactivated in environment.

Most common disinfectants can inactivate it too.

43
Q

Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. Mycoides does not survive in what?

And does survive in what?

A

typical meat or meat products (fresh/refridgerated).

But can survive in frozen meat: >10 years

Does not survive outside the animal for more than a few days in nature.

44
Q

Host range of CBPP (contagious bovine pleuropneumonia): (4 points)

A

Cattle: both Bos taurus and Bos indicus (e.g. Zebu) are main hosts.

Asian buffalo, captive bison and yak.

45
Q

What animals are naturally resistant to CBPP?
And what animals don’t show illness despite infection?

A

Wild bovids and camels are naturally resistant.

Sheep and goats can be naturally infected but no clear associated pathology in them.

46
Q

Morbidity of CBPP (contagious bovine pleuropneumonia):

A

Varies by breed, general health and management systems.

Morbidity in susceptible populations <100%.

25% of recovered animals may become carriers.

47
Q

Mortality of CBPP (contagious bovine pleuropneumonia):

A

Mortality varies 30-80%.

Secondary factors in overall health infuence (nutrition and parasitism).

25% of recovered animals may become carriers

48
Q

CBPP (contagious bovine pleuropneumonia) excretion: (4-5)

A

Via respiratory tract,

Saliva,
urine,

fetal membranes,
uterine discharges.

49
Q

CBPP (contagious bovine pleuropneumonia) transmission: (3-4)

A

Aerosols/ droplets (close contact).
Direct contact
Transplacental

Route: inhalation of infected droplets

50
Q

Nonclinical bovine carriers of CBPP may shed the virus for how long?

A

Nonclinical bovine carriers with chronic infection are a major source of infection, and
may retain viable organisms in encapsulated lung lesions (sequestra) for up to 2 years.

51
Q

Incubation period of CBPP?

A

The incubation period is highly variable, between 21 to 180 days (so up to 6 months) depending primarily on the susceptibility of the animal.

52
Q

Forms of CBPP?

A

acute and chronic (also subclinical)

53
Q

Clinical signs of acute CBPP? (3ish)

A

Lethargy, anorexia, fever, cough and extended head/neck.

Salivation, nasal and eye discharge.

Thoracic pain, reluctance to move; elbow abduction, moaning during expiration.

Increased respiratory rate.

54
Q

Clinical signs of chronic CBPP? (2-3)

A

Less obvious signs of pneumonia – may cough with exercise.

Emaciation, recurrent mild fever.

Calves: polyarthritis +/- pneumonia

55
Q

Subclinical carriers’ signs of CBPP?

A

Ha gotcha. No signs if subclinical, but act as carriers and can transmit.

56
Q

Post mortem signs of CBPP in thoracic cavity? (5)

A

Large amounts of straw-colored serous fluid (up to 10L).

Enlarged LNs.

Gross pathologic lesions of the lung – unilateral.

Marbled appearance of the lungs.

Acute and chronic lesion in the interlobular septa.

Fibrosis
Encapsulated sequestra

57
Q

Post mortem signs of CBPP in joints?

A

Joints enlarged – proliferation of connective tissue.

Tendosynovitis; arthritis

58
Q

DDx for CBPP? (4)

A

Rinderpest (because of the lacrimation in both)
Pasteurellosis
Tuberculosis

FMD (because salivation in first stage of disease is similar, otheriwse not similar)

59
Q

Material for diagnosis of CBPP? (3)

A

Fluid from thoracic cavity
Lung tissue
Lymph nodes

60
Q

Laboratory analyses for diagnosis of CBPP? (4)

A

Culture
Immunological tests
PCR
Serology (ELISA)

61
Q

Treatment of CBPP?

A

Tx only in endemic areas (africa) for reduction of severity of clinical signs and reduction in transmission.

ABs not affective

Vaccination – attenuated vaccine (T1/44 strain) to eradicate the dz.

62
Q

Strategies for control of CBPP? (5)

A

Strategy during outbreak: “stamping out”

Quarantine and restriction of movements

Test & slaughter

Disinfection: 3% Sodium hypochlorite

Vaccination – attenuated vaccine (T1/44 strain) to eradicate the dz

63
Q

In what countries in CBPP a problem?

A

sub-saharan africa

“The disease is endemic in most of the pastoral cattle herds of Western, Central, and Eastern Africa, Angola, and Northern Namibia.”

64
Q

LSD =

A

Lumpy skin disease

Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV)

65
Q

4 alt. names for Lumpy skin disease

A

Pseudourticaria
Neethiling Virus Disease
Exanthema Nodularis Bovis
Knopvelsiekte

66
Q

LUMPY SKIN DISEASE (LSD) is a

A

highly contagious viral disease of cattle, caused by Capripoxvirus, characterized by fever, skin nodules, and enlargement of lymph nodes.

67
Q

LUMPY SKIN DISEASE (LSD) is highly contagious viral disease of cattle, caused by

A

Capripoxvirus.

68
Q

LUMPY SKIN DISEASE (LSD) is highly contagious viral disease of cattle, caused by Capripoxvirus, characterized by

A

fever, skin nodules, and enlargement of lymph nodes.

69
Q

Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) belongs to what family and genus?

A

Family Poxviridae, genus Capripoxvirus

70
Q

LSDV is what type of virus?
Serotypes?
Related to what pathogen?

A

DNA-virus

One serotype.

Closely related to sheep pox virus and goat pox virus.

Cannot be differentiated with serology

71
Q

LSDV survival in the environment. (3)

A

Very resistant in the environment

Seasonal variability: late summer-early fall

Cyclic: occurs every 5-6 years

72
Q

Host range of LSDV?

A

cattle

Bos taurus > Bos indicus (Zebu)

73
Q

Morbidity of LSDV?

A

Morbidity 3-85%

Dependent on the presence of insect vectors and host susceptibility.

Calves and lactating cows most susceptible.

74
Q

Mortality of LSDV?

A

Mortality 1-3%

In outbreaks, still <20%.

75
Q

Excretion of LSDV? (6)

A

Excretion: cutaneous lesions, saliva, respiratory secretions, milk, semen.

Shedding in semen can last long: >5 months post infection resolution.

76
Q

Transmission of LSDV? (2-4)

A

Vectors: biting insects (Direct contact)

Fomites (low risk)

Route: cutaneous

One report of placental transmission.

77
Q

Incubation period of LSDV?

A

2-5 weeks

78
Q

Clinical signs of LSDV?

A

Fever

Nodules on the skin and mucous membranes (within 2 days).
- 1-7 cm in size; full thickness of the skin
- Head, neck, udder, genitalia, perineum and legs

Characteristically inverted conical zone of necrosis that become separated from the adjacent skin (“sit-fasts”).

Can occur also in GI tract, trachea and lungs
LN enlarged, oedematous

79
Q

Additional ambiguous signs of LSDV? (ca 5)

A

Additional signs:
Feed intake and milk yield drop; emaciattion.

Rhinitis, conjuntivitis, keratitis.

Ocular, nasal discharges (serous or mucopurulent).

Infection and necrosis of tendons resulting in lameness

Abortions, temporary/permanent sterility

80
Q

Recovery from LSDV?

A

Recovery: slow (months)

Deep holes or scars on the skin

81
Q

Post mortem signs of LSDV? (5)

A

Skin nodules; flat or ulcerative lesions.

Lungs: focal areas of atelectasis and edema

Synovitis, tendosynovitis – some animals

Enlarged lymph nodes

Aborted fetuses may be covered in lesions.

82
Q

Describe the skin nodules found post mortem in LSDV? (3)

A

Grayish-pink, deep, with necrotic centers

Extend to subcutis and underlying skeletal muscle.

Congestion, hemorrhages and edema of the adjacent tissue.

83
Q

Describe the ulcerative skin lesions found post mortem in LSDV? (+++)

A

Found on the mucous membranes of the oral and nasal cavities, pharynx, epiglottis, trachea and GI tract (espesh abomasum!).

Udder, urinary bladder, lungs, kidneys, uterus and testes too.

84
Q

DDx for LSDV? (10)

A

Pseudo-lumpy skin disease/bovine herpes Mammillitis (teat & udder ulcers)
Dermatophilosis (“rain rot”)

Ringworm
Insect or tick bites
Hypoderma bovis infestation (larvae subepidermally)

Photosensitization
Bovine papular stomatits
Urticaria

Cutaneous tuberculosis (mycobacterium)

85
Q

Suspect LSDV when…

A

Characteristic skin nodules, fever and enlarged superficial lymp nodes.

Mortality in usually low.

86
Q

Material for diagnosis of LSDV? (3)

A

Blood

Skin biopsy; scabs, nodular fluid, skin scrapings

Skin lesions and lesions in the respiratory and GI tract

87
Q

Laboratory analyses for diagnosis of LSDV? (4)

A

Virus isolation – cell cultures
Antigen detection – e.g. ELISA
PCR
Serology

88
Q

Treatment for LSDV?

A

no treatment, only symptomatic care

89
Q

Eradication strategies for LSDV? (6)

A

Quarantine, movement control
Depopulation of the infected and exposed animals

Proper disposal of carcasses
Disinfection

Insect control
Vaccination

90
Q

Control strategies for LSDV?

A

Vaccination in endemic areas to control the disease.

Homologous live attenuated vaccine gives immunity for max 3 years.

Infectious diseases I & II (33 decks)

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