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Inf. diseases II - Dog diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Canine infectious tracheobronchitis is a highly contagious, generally benign respiratory disease complex of dogs, caused by multiple agents, and is characterized by

A

cough, oculonasal discharge and occasionally bronchopneumonia.

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2
Q

Causative agent of Canine infectious tracheobronchitis.

A

Multiple agents:
Bordetella bronchiseptica
Canine parainfluenza virus (CPIV)

Canine influenza
Canine adenovirus-2 (CAV-2)

Occasionally also: canine herpesvirus (CHV) and canine distemper virus (CDV).

most frequent multiagent infection includes: B. bronchiseptica with CPIV or CAV-2

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3
Q

Most frequently, Canine infectious tracheobronchitis is caused by

A

Most frequent multiagent infection includes:
B. bronchiseptica with
Canine parainfluenza virus (CPIV) or
Canine adenovirus-2 (CAV-2).

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4
Q

Alternative name for Canine infectious tracheobronchitis.

A

kennel cough

B. Bronchiseptica,
Canine parainfluenza virus (CPIV),
Canine influenza,
Canine adenovirus-2 (CAV-2)

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5
Q

Host range of kennel cough.

A

dogs

B. bronchiseptica zoonosis can occur (in immunocompromised).

Common in dogs: puppies more prone to pneumonia.

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6
Q

Transmission of kennel cough-

A

Excretion: respiratory secretions

Direct contact
Aerosols

Route: respiratory (oronasal)

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7
Q

Clinical signs of classic kennel cough.

A

Most dogs develop typical mild “classic” clinical dz:

Coughing
Sudden onset
Hacking cough often followed by terminal retch
Excessive coughing may cause mild lethargy
Dog otherwise normal

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8
Q

Clinical signs of More severe disease in kennel cough:

A

Bronchopneumonia
Fever

Depression
Tachypnea

Dyspnea
Cyanosis

Lung ausc: wheezes, crackles and rales
Rhinitis

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9
Q

Material for diagnosis of kennel cough.

A

Blood
Nasopharyngeal, tracheal swabs
Transtracheal fluid wash

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10
Q

Lab analyses for diagnosis of kennel cough.

A

Isolation of the agent (bacterial/virus)
Cytology (but not for viruses)

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11
Q

Tx of kennel cough.

A

In simple clinical dz: cough suppression with antitussives, and prevention of secondary infections.

Cough resolves spontaneously (7-10 days).

Bronchopneumonia: identify and eradicate bacterial agents involved, improve air movement and maintain respiratory epithelial health.

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12
Q

Prevention of kennel cough.

A

Vaccination (CPIV, CDV, CAV-2; B. bronchiseptica)

To prevent disease, limit exposure to other dogs, especially in high-density populations (boarding kennels, shelters, dog parks).

Wear gloves, wash hands and strictly isolate patients to prevent spread to other hospitalized dogs.

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13
Q

Canine distemper virus is a contagious disease of Canids, caused by Paramyxovirus, and is characterized by

A

systemic and neurologic disease.

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14
Q

Causative agent of canine distemper.
genus
family
DNA type

A

Agent: Canine distemper virus (CDV)
Genus Morbillivirus,
family Paramyxoviridae
RNA

Highly contagious!

Sensitive to UV light, heat and drying.

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15
Q

Describe strains of canine distemper.

A

Certain strains are more virulent and neurotropic.

Snyder Hill strain causes polioencephalomyelitis.

A75/17 and R252 strains cause CNS demyelination.

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16
Q

Host range of canine distemper.

A

Host range: dogs

Other species from order Canidae – coyote, dingo, wolf, fox, Ferrets, mink, skunk, raccoon, panda.

Some members of the order Felidae – lion, cheetah, jaguar, margay, ocelot.

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17
Q

Risk factors for canine distemper.

A

Especially susceptible urban or suburban dogs between 3 and 6 months of age.

More common in dolichocephalic breeds vs brachycephalic breeds. Also higher mortality rates.

Risk factors: inadequate vaccination, exposure to animals with clinical or subclinical dz, transplacental transmission, and exposure to vaccinated but immunocompromised animals to an infected animal.

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18
Q

Morbidity & mortality of canine distemper.

A

High morbidity, variable mortality.

Full recovery from CDV in young animals is uncommon, but likely produces lifelong immunity.

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19
Q

Transmission of canine distemper.

A

Excretion: respiratory secretions; urine, feces, nasal and ocular secretions, skin.

Shedding begins by the 7th day after infection; may continue for <90 days.

Aerosols
Direct contact
Fomites
In utero

Route: respiratory, transplacental

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20
Q

Clinical signs of generalized distemper disease.

A

Subclinical to mild dz is probably most common.

Generalized distemper:
Initial signs: respiratory infection followed by GI signs and often CNS signs.

CNS signs may manifest concomitant with or after resolution of respiratory and GI signs.

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21
Q

Clinical signs of systemic distemper disease.

A

Systemic disease:
Fever
Ocular signs – keratitis, conjunctivitis, uveitis

Loud breath sounds on auscultation
Dehydration

Cachexia
Poor hair coat

Dental abnormalities – in dogs that survive neonatal infection.

Dental enamel hypoplasia, tooth impaction, oligodontia.

Systemic and neurologic signs are not always present at the same time.

More often neurologic dz occurs 1-3 weeks after recovery from systemic signs.

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22
Q

Clinical signs of neurologic distemper disease.

A

Signs indicative of encephalitis or encephalomyelitis – seizures, vestibular signs, cerebellar signs/hypermetria, paresis.

Seizures: “chewing-gum seizures”

Myoclonus when disease progresses.
Rhythmic twitching of the head, neck or one or more limbs.
Optic neuritis and chorioretinitis.

Systemic and neurologic signs are not always present at the same time.

More often neurologic dz occurs 1-3 weeks after recovery from systemic signs.

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23
Q

What is Old-dog encephalitis (ODE)?

A

Persistent CDV infection of the CNS gray matter.

Ataxia, compulsive movements (head pressing or continual pacing), uncoordinated hypermetric gait.

No systemic signs.

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24
Q

Clinical signs of in utero distemper infection.

A

Abortions and stillbirths

Puppies that survive transplacental infection can develop neurologic signs by 6 weeks of age and often have lifelong immunodeficiency.

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25
Dogs with adequate distemper immunity do not develop...? Dogs with inadequate distemper immunity develop...?
Dogs with adequate immunity do not develop clinical signs, and they clear the virus within 14 days post infection. Dogs with inadequate immunity develop mild to severe systemic signs and frequently develop CNS signs. Development of CNS signs is the most important negative prognostic factor.
26
Suspect canine distemper when:
oculonasal discharge, vomiting and/or diarrhea with or without a recent onset of clinical signs in young, unvaccinated dog. Older dogs: signs consistent with infectious tracheobronchitis.
27
Material for diagnosis of canine distemper.
Blood CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) Tonsils, LNs, GI epithelium, spleen, urinary bladder, brain
28
Lab analyses for diagnosis of canine distemper.
Serology – antibodies Serum and CSF Fluorescent antibody testing PCR Immunofluorescence for post mortem testing.
29
Tx of canine distemper.
supportive care ABs of secondary bacterial infections. Anticonvulsants to control seizures.
30
Prevention of canine distemper.
Vaccination Affected dogs should be isolated from other hospital patients, wear protective gear to prevent transmission to other dogs Isolation for at least 2 weeks.
31
Parvoviral enteritis is a contagious disease of dogs, caused by Parvovirus, and is characterized by
severe enteritis, anorexia, vomiting, hemorrhagic diarrhea and shock.
32
Causative agent of parvoviral enteritis. genus family DNA type
Canine parvovirus 1 and 2 protoparvovirus parvoviridae ss DNA Highly contagious! Extremely resistant – can survive >7 months in the environment. Resistant to most disinfectants (except bleach).
33
Host range of canine parvovirus.
Host range: dogs Affects almost exclusively puppies (<8 months old) and unvaccinated adults. Mortality is high without Tx
34
Risk factors for canine parvovirus.
Risk factors: Unvaccinated puppies or pups less than 7 weeks of age with poor maternal immunity. Unvaccinated dogs are 12.7x more likely to develop parvoviral enteritis!!! Exposure to high viral loads. Immunosuppression (systemic illness, cancer chemotherapy). Suspected breed predisposition: Doberman pinscher, Rottweiler, pit bull, German shepherd, and dachshund breeds Toy poodles and cocker spaniels have below-normal degree of risk. Occurs worldwide and year round; more common during warmer, wetter seasons.
35
Transmission of canine parvovirus.
Excretion: feces Direct contact Fomites Route: fecal-oral
36
IP for canine parvo
IP: 3-14 days
37
Courses of disease for canine parvo.
Courses: subclinical, mild, moderate and severe enteritis.
38
Clinical signs of Acute onset canine parvoviral enteritis:
Lethargy (often first sign) Anorexia Vomiting Diarrhea (often hemorrhagic)
39
Clinical signs of Moderate and severe canine parvoviral enteritis:
Lethargy Dehydration (tacky oral mucous membranes) Palpably fluid-filled intestines Abdominal palpation may induce vomiting or retching. Fever Tachycardia Severe: hypovolemic shock with altered mentation (may be due to septic shock, hypoglycemia) and hypothermia. Sepsis is likely prevalent on parvoviral enteritis cases because bacteremia is common.
40
Possible complications seen in parvoviral enteritis:
Intussusception or rectal prolapse Septic arthritis or endocarditis Acute respiratory distress syndrome Pneumonia (embolic, aspiration or opportunistic)
41
Suspect canine parvo when
anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy, or a combination of these, typically in a young and usually unvaccinated dog.
42
Material & lab analyses for diagnosis of parvoviral enteritis.
Material: Blood, Feces In the lab: ELISA snap test – test of choice! (Sensitive and specific; False-positive result possible after recent vaccination (starts 5 days after, continues for one week))
43
Tx of parvo.
Tx goals: Normalize hydration, potassium and glucose. Control vomiting Control pain Feed early
44
Prevention & control of parvo.
Adequate vaccination Owner should limit environmental access for puppies until they are fully vaccinated. Dogs that survive parvoviral enteritis generally have immunity to reinfection (lifelong). Control: WEAR GLOVES and use strict hygiene when handling these patients.
45
Canine infectious hepatitis is a disease of dogs, caused by adenovirus, and is characterized by
sudden death or chronic hepatitis.
46
Causative agent of Canine infectious hepatitis. genus, family, DNA type
Agent: Canine adenovirus-1 (CAV-1) Genus Mastadenovirus, family Adenoviridae ds DNA Resistant to environmental inactivation. Survives for days at room temperature on soiled fomites. Can remain viable for months at temp <4°C.
47
Host range of canine adenovirus.
Host range: dogs, coyotes, foxes, wolves, bears. Usually seen in dogs <1 year old, but unvaccinated dogs of any age can be affected. Uncommon in well-vaccinated dog populations. Mortality: high, even with the best nursing care.
48
Transmission of canine adenovirus.
Excretion: saliva, urine, feces, respiratory secretions. Shedding 4-8 days post infection; secreted in urine for 6-9 months post infection. Direct contact Indirect contact (fomites) Route: oronasal (respiratory)
49
Clinical signs of canine adenovirus.
During acute viremia, animals can die within few hours. After the acute viremic stage: vomiting, diarrhea, and/or abdominal pain. Fever, tonsillar enlargement, cervical lymphadenopathy, tachycardia, tachypnea, abdominal tenderness, hepatomegaly. Icterus and abdominal distention in advanced cases (not in acute viremic stage!). Anterior uveitis and corneal edema (“blue eye”) (develop 7-21 days post infection). Signs of coagulopathy: petechial and ecchymoses, epistaxis etc. CNS signs consistent with hepatic encephalopathy: depression, seizures, disorientation, coma.
50
Subclinical canine adenovirus infections are ...?
widespread and in dogs with circulating antibodies at the time of infection. During the acute viremic stage animals can become moribund and die within few hours. After the acute viremic stage: vomiting, diarrhea, and/or abdominal pain.
51
Diagnosis of canine adenovirus is based on
signalment (young unvaccinated dog) with clinical signs consistent with acute hepatic failure. Confirmation: ruling out DDx, laboratory diagnostics.
52
Material & lab analyses for diagnosis of canine adenovirus.
Material: Blood, Liver biopsy In the lab: Serology (ELISA) Virus isolation PCR – can distinguish CAV-1 from CAV-2! Cytology or histologic examination of liver.
53
Tx of canine adenovirus? Possible complications?
Tx: supportive care Uncomplicated cases may not show improvement in clinical signs for up to 5-
54
Prevention of canine adenovirus.
Prevention: vaccination
55
Canine brucellosis is a contagious disease of dogs, caused by Brucella canis, and is characterized by
reproductive failure.
56
Causative agent of canine brucellosis.
gram neg. Brucella canis Facultatively intracellular. Other Brucella species that can affect dogs: B. abortus B. melitensis B. suis Can remain viable for months in conditions of high humidity, low temperatures and no sunlight. Readily killed by most commonly available disinfectants.
57
Host range of brucella canis.
Host range: dogs NB! ZOONOTIC! Affects sexually mature canines, no gender predisposition. More common in stray/feral dogs. Worldwide. Risk factors: housing or breeding with infected animals.
58
Mortality of brucella canis.
Death of adult animals is rare. Fetuses and neonates most affected.
59
Transmission of brucella canis.
Excretion: vaginal discharge (following abortion), urine, milk, semen, prostatic fluid, vaginal fluid during estrus, lochia of parturition. Direct contact Venereal Fomites In utero Route: alimentary (ingestion) or through mucous membranes. Oral cavity, conjunctiva, nasal tissue, penis or vaginal vault.
60
IP of brucellosis in dogs.
IP: 2-3 weeks
61
Clinical signs of brucellosis in female dogs.
Failure to conceive. Abortion at 45-55 days of gestation, possibly with no other signs. Birth of stillborn, partially autolyzed, or weak pups. Persistent, highly infective mucopurulent or serosanguineous vulvar discharge for 1-6 weeks postpartum. Placentitis and metritis EITHER SEX: lymphadenopathy, signs of recurrent uveitis, lameness, or paraspinal pain with paresis or paralysis.
62
Clinical signs of brucellosis in male dogs.
Scrotal swelling Decreased libido Back pain Testicular atrophy (chronic infections) Poor semen quality Epididymal inflammation EITHER SEX: lymphadenopathy, signs of recurrent uveitis, lameness, or paraspinal pain with paresis or paralysis.
63
Post mortem signs of canine brucellosis.
Lymph node enlargement Retropharyngeal, inguinal, generalized lymphadenitis. Splenomegaly Hepatomegaly Scrotal dermatitis, epididymitis
64
Material and lab analyses for diagnosis of canine brucellosis.
Material: Blood, Tissue samples: LNs, bone marrow, placenta, eye, fetus. + Fluids: semen, lochia, urine, milk. In the lab: Serology (AGID; ELISA) (Will identify positive dog from 8-12 weeks post infection until 3-4 years after achieving bacteremia) Bacterial culture – definitive! PCR
65
TX of canine brucellosis.
Tx: ABs may be useful. Combination of two, long-term ABs. No Tx is certain to eliminate B. canis. Recrudescence is possible, especially when stressed – euthanasia is recommended.
66
Prevention of canine brucellosis.
No vaccine available. Prevention: Kennels and breeding programs: Remove infected dogs Individual caging Repeated testing Neuter Wear gloves!
67
Canine herpesvirus infection is a highly contagious disease of canids, caused by herpesvirus, and is characterized by
upper airway infection, abortion, vaginitis, and neonatal puppy mortality.
68
Causative agent of canine herpes. genus, family, DNA type
Canine herpesvirus type 1 (CHV-1) Genus Varicellovirus, family Herpesviridae DNA virus Readily inactivated outside the body by heat, drying or disinfectants.
69
Host range of canine herpesvirus type 1.
Host range: domestic dogs and wild canids (coyotes, wolves etc.).
70
Who is most susceptible to the reproductive effects of CHV-1?
Immunologically naïve pregnant dams are most susceptible, and their offspring are most susceptible to systemic disease, with high puppy mortality.
71
Risk factors for canine herpes.
Immunologic status of dams (pups), age, mating experience, reproductive cycle, breeding kennel, kennel size, breeding management (use of nonresident males), kennel cough and kennel hygiene. Persist in carrier dogs worldwide as a latent infection. May be exacerbated with stress-induced or physiologic/hormone-related immune suppression.
72
Transmission of canine herpes virus type 1.
Excretion: saliva, vaginal secretions Direct contact Fomites Route: oral
73
Clinical signs of canine herpes virus type 1 in adults.
Dogs, usually <2 years old: acute to chronic upper airway signs. Dam aborts litter Puppy mortality usually 100% if infection occurs during last trimester. Dam infects her litter during whelping. Puppy mortality 80-100% if infection is re-exacerbation of latent infection. Papulovesicular lesions of the external genital organs.
74
Clinical signs of canine herpesvirus type 1 in puppies.
Lethargy, fail to nurse resulting in decreased body weight. Soft, yellow-green feces Nasal discharge: serous/mucopurulent/hemorrhagic Mucosal petechia Loss of consciousness; opisthotonos and seizures before death. Surviving puppies may have deafness, neurologic dysfunction or renal damage.
75
Material for diagnosis of canine herpesvirus.
Blood Nasal swabs Urogenital swabs Aborted/neonatal dead puppies: lung, bronchiolar LNs, liver, kidney, spleen (also small intestine, brain).
76
Lab analyses for diagnosis of canine herpesvirus.
Serology Virus isolation PCR Histopathology
77
Tx of canine herpesvirus.
Tx of neonatal puppies showing clinical signs is usually not recommended – rapid progression, poor prognosis, and potential for cerebellar and retinal dysplasia in surviving puppies. Unaffected litter mates may be treated with antiviral drugs and/or CHV-hyper-immune serum.
78
Prevention of canine herpesvirus.
Colostral immunity for 8 weeks Vaccination Good hygiene
79
What dz could this be?
canine adenovirus aka infectious hepatitis. can cause Anterior uveitis and corneal edema (“blue eye”) (develop 7-21 days post infection).

Infectious diseases I & II (33 decks)

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