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infectious diseases i & ii > Inf. diseases II - Ruminant respiratory disease 1/2 > Flashcards

Inf. diseases II - Ruminant respiratory disease 1/2 Flashcards

1
Q

BOVINE RESPIRATORY DISEASE complex
is most common in what age group?

A

more commonly in young animals during period between passive and active immunity

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2
Q

Alt. Terminology in use for bovine respiratoy disease (BRD) complex (4)

A

Enzootic pneumonia
“Shipping fever”

Pneumonic pasteurellosis – Pasteurella spp and Mannheimia spp

Atypical interstitial pneumonia – Dictyocaulus viviparus

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3
Q

Clinically BRD appears

A

BRD = bovine respiratory disease (complex)

as pneumoenteritis

Many pathogens affect resporatory tract and intestinal tract at the same time.

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4
Q

Bacterial spp. that contribute to BRD (4)

A

BRD = bovine respiratory disease (complex)

Mannheimia haemolytica,
Pasteurella multocida,

Histophilus somni,
Arcanobacterium pyogenes

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5
Q

Viruses that contribute to BRD (6)

A

BRD = bovine respiratory disease (complex)

Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV),
Bovine Herpesvirus-1

Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV)
ParaInfluenza 3 (PI3)

Bovine Coronavirus
Bovine Adenovirus

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6
Q

BRSV

A

Bovine respiratory syncytial virus

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7
Q

Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) is an infectious disease of cattle, caused by Paramyxovirus, and characterized by (3)

A

fever, infection of upper respiratory tract and bronchopneumonia

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8
Q

BRSV causative agent
genus
family
type (RNA/DNA)

A

Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV)

Genus Pneumovirus,
family Paramyxoviridae
RNA virus

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9
Q

serotypes of BRSV?
subtypes?

A

2 serotypes

3 antigenic subtypes: A, AB and B

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10
Q

BRSV was named for its characteristic..?

A

cytopathic effect – the formation of syncytial cells

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11
Q

What is a syncytial cell?

A

A large cell-like, multinucleated structure formed by the joining together of two or more cells.

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12
Q

Host range of BRSV

A

cattle

Human RSV is pathogenic to calves, but BRSV is not zoonotic!

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13
Q

BRSV More severe clinical disease can be seen in

A

1-3 month-olds

Maternal antibodies do not prevent clinical disease.

Mortality in this age group is 5-20%.

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14
Q

Morbidity of BRSV in herd

A

Morbidity 80-100%

Spreads quickly within the herd.

On primary introduction to herd: severe pneumonia in all age groups.

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15
Q

When is BRSV most common?

A

Seasonality – more common during fall and winter.

Reinfections during summer months.

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16
Q

BRSV found where in the world?

A

Has been isolated in most European countries, North-America, Australia, Japan and Africa.

Basically everywhere except South America, Middle East and Asia minus Japan.

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17
Q

Transmission of BRSV.

A

Excretion: nasal discharge

Aerogenic mode of transmission
(Fomites – including human)

Route: respiratory

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18
Q

IP: of BRSV

A

IP: 3-5 days

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19
Q

Clinical signs of BRSV

A

Fever (40–42°C), depression, decreased feed intake,

increased respiratory rate, cough, and nasal and lacrimal discharge – common signs.

More severe cases:
Dyspnea in the later stages of the disease
Subcutaneous emphysema may occur

Secondary bacterial pneumonia is a frequent occurrence!

Recovery in 1-2 weeks

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20
Q

Post mortem signs of BRSV

A

Diffuse interstitial pneumonia with subpleural and interstitial emphysema along with interstitial edema

so BOTH emphysema and edema!

Bronchopneumonia

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21
Q

Material for diagnosis of BRSV. (2)

A

Nasal swabs
Lungs, trachea, bronchial LNs

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22
Q

Lab analyses for diagnosis of BRSV. (2)

A

Virus identification – PCR
Antibodies – serology (ELISA)

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23
Q

Tx of BRSV.

A

no specific Tx!

Mainly supportive care – IV fluids and electrolytes for dehydration.

In severe cases also NSAIDs can be used

ABs if secondary infections

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24
Q

BRSV Secondary bacterial infections are common, name 3 spp. of bact.

A

M. hemolytica
P. multocida
H. somni (Histophilus)

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25
Q

Can you vaccinate against BRSV?

A

Vaccines are available – efficacy is debatable.
Also in Estonia

26
Q

Bovine parainfluenzavirus-3 (PIV-3) is a contagious disease of cattle, caused by Parainfluenzavirus-3, and characterized by

A

fever, catarrhal infection of upper respiratory tract and pneumonia.

27
Q

Causative agent of PIV-3.
genus, family, DNA type

A

Bovine parainfluenzavirus-3 (PIV-3)

Genus Respirovirus,
family Paramyxoviridae
RNA virus

Closely related to PIV-3 viruses of sheep and humans.

28
Q

Host range of PIV-3

A

Host range: cattle

In humans: isolation without clinical disease

29
Q

demographic affected most by PIV-3?
season?

A

More severe illness is seen young animal from 10 days of age to 1 year.

Especially during fall and winter.
Endemic and sporadic disease.

30
Q

Where in the world is bovine PIV-3 found?

A

Isolated in many European countries, USA, Japan and other.

Endemic and sporadic disease.

31
Q

Transmission of bovine PIV-3?

A

Excretion:
respiratory secretions, milk, vaginal discharge, feces

Direct contact (droplets)

In utero ? – virus has been isolated from aborted fetuses

Route: respiratory

32
Q

IP: of bovine PIV-3

A

IP: 1-5 days (mostly just 24h)

33
Q

Clinical signs of bovine PIV-3. (4)

A

Are similar to BRSV!

Pyrexia
Cough

Serous nasal and lacrimal discharge.

Increased respiratory rate and breath sounds.

The severity of signs worsens with the onset of bacterial pneumonia.

34
Q

Post mortem signs of bovine PIV-3. (3)

A

Cranioventral lung consolidation

Bronchiolitis

Alveolitis with marked congestion and hemorrhage

35
Q

Material for diagnosis of bovine PIV-3. (4)

A

Nasal and ocular swabs
Blood
TBL (tracheobronchial lavage)
Lungs

36
Q

Lab analyses for diagnosis of bovine PIV-3. (2)

A

Serology (ELISA) – antibodies from serum
PCR

37
Q

Tx of PIV-3.

A

no specific Tx

ABs if secondary bacterial infections

NSAIDs can be helpful

38
Q

Do you vaccinate for PIV-3?

A

Vaccines available

Almost always in combination with BHV-1 (bo herpes).

39
Q

BHV-1

A

Bovine herpes virus 1

40
Q

2 alt. names for Bovine herpes virus 1

A

Bovine infectious rhinotracheitis-pustular vulvovaginitis

“Red nose”

41
Q

Bovine herpes virus 1 infection is a contagious disease of cattle, caused by Herpesvirus, and characterized by (2)

A

infectious rhinotracheitis and
infectious pustular vulvovaginitis

42
Q

Causative agent of Bovine infectious rhinotracheitis-pustular vulvovaginitis.
genus, family, type

A

Bovine Herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1)

Genus Varicellovirus,
family Herpesviridae

DNA virus

43
Q

Subtypes of BHV-1.

A

3 subtypes:

BHV-1.1 – respiratory subtype
BHV-1.2 – genital subtype

BHV-1.3 – encephalitic subtype, reclassified as separate virus BHV-5

44
Q

Survival of BHV-1 in environment.

A

Survival at room temperature for 45 days

45
Q

Host range for BHV-1.

A

cattle

46
Q

Target age demographic for BHV-1.

A

All age groups are susceptible but most clinical cases in >6 month-olds.

Colostral immunity 1-6 months.

Most common: respiratory disease.

47
Q

Where in the world is BHV-1 found?

A

Reported worldwide

Some countries are free (e.g. Finland) – eradicated.

48
Q

Morbidity of BHV-1.

A

In dairy herds:
Morbidity 8-100%

49
Q

Mortality of BHV-1?

A

Mortality 3-10% - often due to secondary bacterial infections.

50
Q

Transmission of BHV-1.

A

Excretion: nasal, ocular and vaginal discharge, urine, sperm

Direct contact – venereal transmission, with sperm

Fomites (e.g. feed, water)
Aerogenic – respiratory form

Route: respiratory or genital

51
Q

Pathogenesis of BHV-1.

A

Latent carriers in which virus mostly persist in the portal of entry.

Latent infections can reactivate with or without clinical symptoms.

During reactivation virus is shed in high titers.

In endemic herds all animals should be treated as potential source of BHV-1.

52
Q

IP of BHV-1.

A

IP: 2-6 days

53
Q

Disease forms of BHV-1.

A

respiratory and genital form

54
Q

Resp. form of BHV-1 is called what?
Clinical signs of it?

A

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR)

Upper resp. tract signs:
(Muco)purulent nasal discharge
Hyperaemia of the muzzle (red nose disease)
Conjunctivitis

+ Fever, Depression, Inappetence

Abortions may occur during the second half of pregnancy

55
Q

Genital form of BHV-1 is called what?
Clinical signs of it?

A

Infectious pustular vulvovaginitis (IPV)

Pustular vulvovaginitis
Frequent urination
Elevation of the tailhead
Mild vaginal discharge

Vulva is swollen; small pustules (erosions then ulcers) on the mucosal surface.

Recovery in 10-14 days if no secondary bacterial infections occur.

Balanoposthitis – inflammation of the glans penis and the foreskin.

56
Q

Clinical signs of BHV-1 in young calves?

A

generalized disease

Pyrexia, ocular and nasal discharges, respiratory distress, diarrhea, incoordination.

Eventually convulsions and death may occur in a short period after generalized viral infection.

In calves:
Morbidity 5-25%, mortality <100%

57
Q

Post mortem signs of Bovine infectious rhinotracheitis-pustular vulvovaginitis. (4)

A

Rhinitis
Laryngitis
Tracheitis
Pustular lesions

58
Q

Material for diagnosis of BHV-1. (5)

A

Swabs from nasal cavity, eyes and vagina
Lung, LNs, brain

Aborted fetuses and fetal membranes

Sperm and preputial discharge
Blood

59
Q

Lab analyses for diagnosis of BHV-1. (3)

A

Virus identification or isolation
Serology – antibodies

On herd level: ELISA from collective milk sample (bulk tank milk)

60
Q

Tx for BHV-1.

A

no specific Tx

ABs if secondary bacterial infections occur

61
Q

Prevention & control of BHV-1.

A

Good farm management – biosecurity:
Hygiene
Removal of infected animals
Quarantine (4 weeks) for new animals
Natural mating should be avoided – use sperm from seronegative bulls

Vaccination
Vaccines available also in Estonia

infectious diseases i & ii (33 decks)

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