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Medical Histology > Review III > Flashcards

Review III Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Conducting portion of respiratory system

A

Trachea, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, Bronchiole, terminal bronchiole

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2
Q

Respiratory portion of the respiratory system

A

Respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct, alveolar sac

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3
Q

Trachea recognizable features (3)

A

C-shaped cartilage, no muscularis mucosa, submucosal glands

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4
Q

Intrapulmonary bronchi features (3)

A

Cartilage plates, smooth muscle, submucosal glands

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5
Q

Bronchiole features

A

No cartilage, no glands, no alveoli, club cells

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6
Q

Respiratory bronchiole features

A
  • Openings for alveoli
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7
Q

Alveolar duct

A

Runs through alveolar sacs

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8
Q

Type I pneumocyte

A

Long and thin, provide a barrier for gas exchange

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9
Q

Type II alveolar cells

A

Secrete surfactant, corticosteroids, act as stem cells

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10
Q

Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome

A

When neonatal type II cells aren’t active yet, can’t secrete surfactant, collapse

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11
Q

Respiratory epithelium characteristics

A

Pseudostratified columnar ciliated with goblet cells

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12
Q

Mucociliary clearance

A

Mucus is cleared by the cilia beating in one direction

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13
Q

Cell types in the glomerulus (3)

A
  • Endothelial (line capillary)
  • Mesangial (support cells)
  • Podocytes (Foot like processes)
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14
Q

Blood pressure monitoring (2)

A
  • Arterial pressure in the afferent anteriole (juxtamedulary cells)
  • Ion concentration in DCT (Macula densa)
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15
Q

Cell types of Juxtaglomerular apparatus (3)

A
  • JG cells
  • Macula densa
  • Lacis cells
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16
Q

JG cell secretion

A

Renin

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17
Q

Renin pathway

A

renin-> cleaves angiotensinogen to angiotensin I-> ACE cleaves to Angiotensin II-> promotes aldosterone secretion from adrenal cortex

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18
Q

Transitional epithelium

A

Urothelium, in ureters and bladder, resistant to stretching

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19
Q

Developmental origin of anterior pituitary

A

Oropharynx ectoderm

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20
Q

Developmental origin of posterior pituitary

A

Neuroectoderm

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21
Q

Pineal gland

A

Secretes melatonin in dark synthesized from tryptophan

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22
Q

Corpora arenecea

A

Brain sand, calcifications found in the pineal gland

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23
Q

Beta cells of the pancreas

A

Insulin producing

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24
Q

Alpha cells of the pancreas

A

Glucagon producing

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25
Q

Delta cells of the pancreas

A

Samatostatin

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26
Q

Gamma cells of the pancreas

A

Pancreatic polypeptide

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27
Q

Epsilon cells of the pancreas

A

Ghrelin

28
Q

Thyroid hormones

A

-T3 and T4

29
Q

Parafollicular/clear cells

A

Secrete calcitonin, opposite action of PTH

30
Q

Grave’s disease

A

Autoantibodies against TSH receptor (resulting in excess)

31
Q

Parathyroid chief cells

A

Secrete PTH

32
Q

Oxiphil

A

Help with Id of parathyroid gland, don’t know what they do

33
Q

Layers of adrenal cortex

A
  • Zona glomerulosa
  • Zona fasciculata
  • Zona reticularis
34
Q

Zona glomerulosa

A

Secretes Aldosterone

35
Q

Zona fasciculata

A

Secretes glucocorticoids/cortisol

36
Q

Zona reticularis

A

Secretes androgens

37
Q

Chromaffin cells

A

Cells of the adrenal medulla, secrete epi and norepi

38
Q

Germinal epithelium

A

Mesothelium of the ovary

39
Q

Tunica Albuginea

A

CT capsule around the ovary

40
Q

Types of follicles

A
  • primordial
  • Primary
  • Secondary (antral)
41
Q

Corpus luteum

A

Breakdown of follicle, secretes progesterone

42
Q

Dark cells of corpus luteum

A

Theca lutein cells

43
Q

Light cells of corpus luteum

A

Granulosa lutein cells

44
Q

Three layers of the uterus

A
  • Perimetrium
  • Myometrium
  • Endometrium
45
Q

Oxytocin

A

Stimulated lactation, muscle contraction during birth

46
Q

Stages of stratum functionale

A
  • Proliferative
  • Secretory
  • Menstrual
47
Q

Proliferative stage

A

Responds to enstrogen, straight glands and no secretions

48
Q

Stratum functionale

A

Responds to progesterone, saccculated glands that secrete glycogen

49
Q

Menstrual stage

A

Lack of hormonal control, spiral artery contractions cause ischemia in the functionale

50
Q

Location of fertilization

A

Ampulla of the oviduct

51
Q

Mammary gland secretion stimulation

A

Prolactin stimulates production and oxytocin triggers ejection (myoepithelial contraction)

52
Q

Spermatogonia

A

Divide by mitosis to create primary spermatocyte

53
Q

Primary spermatocyte

A

Worm nucleus

54
Q

Early spermatid

A

Round cell

55
Q

basal compartment

A

House spermatogonia, created by Sertoli cells

56
Q

Adluminal compartment

A

Close to lumen, genetically different to male

57
Q

Interstitial tissue cells (3)

A
  • Leydig cells
  • Myoid cells
  • Macrophages
58
Q

Sertoli cell secretion

A

ABP, androgen binding protein, endothelin

59
Q

Function of Sertoli cells

A

Form blood testis barrier, phagocytosis of residual bodies

60
Q

Leydig cell production/stimulation

A

Stimulated by LH, secrete testosterone

61
Q

Efferent ductules

A

Star shaped lumen, pushes sperm to epididymis

62
Q

Epididimal duct

A

Smooth apical surface, secrete products for sperm maturation (forward mobility protein), stores sperm for ejaculation

63
Q

Ductus deferens

A

One lumen, three smooth muscle cells, CF patients are missing this

64
Q

Seminal vesicle secretions (4)

A
  • Fructose
  • flavins
  • prostaglandins
  • seminogelins I and III
65
Q

Prostate

A

Tubuloalveolar glands that have corpora amylacea

66
Q

Corpora amylacea

A
  • Precipitates, may calcify/block ducts
67
Q

Prostate secretions

A
  • Prostate specific antigen (serine protease)
  • Fibrinolysin (serine protease)
  • Citric acid
  • zinc (inhibits wbc’s)

Medical Histology (19 decks)

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