Rest of Digestion Unit Notes

Question 1

what are the 6 enzymatic functions/characteristics

Answer 1

• regulate cell metabolism
• remain unchanged in a chemical reaction so that they
  are reusable
• only small amounts required
• end in “ase”
• each one catalyzes a specific reaction
• control reactions by lowing activation energy

Question 2

whats activation energy

Answer 2

the amount of energy it takes to have a reaction start

Question 3

whats anabolism-synthesis

Answer 3

process of taking smaller things and putting them togetehr

Question 4

whats catabolism-breakdown

Answer 4

the process of taking bigger things and breaking htem down

Question 5

what is the lock and key theory

Answer 5

theory that each enzyme has a special shape that only locks together with certain substrates

Question 6

whats a substrate

Answer 6

the molecule being acted upon by the enzyme

Question 7

whats denaturation

Answer 7

when different conditions change the shape of the enzyme so that it will not fit into the proper substrates, and therefore the reaction will not occur

Question 8

what is the induced fit theory

Answer 8

that enzymes change their shape to fit into the substrate

Question 9

what does an increase in temperature do to enzymes

Answer 9

decreases activation energy initially

Question 10

what can high temperatures and incorrect pH levels cause

Answer 10

denaturation of an enzyme

Question 11

what factors influence enzyme action

Answer 11

feedback inhibition, competitive inhibition, cofactors/coenzymes, precursor activation

Question 12

what is feedback inhibition

Answer 12

enzyme action being stopped when enough of the product has been created

Question 13

what is competitive inhibition

Answer 13

when enzyme action is blocked by incorrect foreign substances or substrates fitting into the active site

Question 14

what are cofactors/coenzynes

Answer 14

the molecules or elements that are required in order to make the enzyme work

Question 15

whats precursor activation

Answer 15

the certain substances required in order to activate the enzyme

Question 16

what do the pancrease and liver do

Answer 16

aid in chemical digestion

Question 17

where do the pancreas and liver empty into

Answer 17

duodenum

Question 18

what does the liver do

Answer 18

produces bile salts to emulsify fats that cause large droplets of fat to break down into smaller droplets

Question 19

what are the main roles of the liver in nutrient balance (5)

Answer 19

• help maintain metabolic balance of body
• ensure individual cells do not have to cope with large
  fluctuations in chemical environment after meal
• create homeostasis
• helps capillaries drain into circulatory system
• contains hepatic portal system

Question 20

what are the 11 general functions of the liver

Answer 20

• regulate blood glucose levels
• synthesis of bile salts
• formation of cholesterol
• deamination of amino acids
• produce plasma proteins
• breakdown of hemoglobin to produce bilirubin
• storage
• detoxifies
• phagocytizes microorganisms and debris
• inactivates some hormones
• synthesizes essential enzymes

Question 21

whats urea

Answer 21

a waste product in the urine caused by the deamination of amino acids

Question 22

whats insulin

Answer 22

hormone that maintains glucose levels in the blood

Question 23

what happens when the pancreas releases insulin

Answer 23

it makes cells more permeable. and decreases blood glucose levels by turning excess glucose into glycogen

Question 24

what happens after vigorous activity

Answer 24

a decrease in blood glucose occurs, the pancreas releases glycogen and then converts it back into glucose to increase blood glucose levels

Question 25

whats glucagon

Answer 25

hormone that converts stored sugar to glucose when there’s no sugar left in blood

Question 26

whats glycogen

Answer 26

the stored form of glucose

Question 27

whats hyperglycemia

Answer 27

when there is an insulin definceny making the blood glucose levels to high

Question 28

whats hypoglycemia

Answer 28

when blood glucose levels are too low

Question 28

whats hypoglycemia

Answer 28

when blood glucose levels are too low

Question 29

what else does the pancreas release besides insulin

Answer 29

pancreatic juice

Question 30

what is pancreatic juice

Answer 30

an alkaline solution that contains about 28 digestive enzymes

Question 31

whats heartburn

Answer 31

when gastric juices escape from the stomach through the cardiac sphincter which causes a burning sensation in the esophagus

Question 32

whats hiatus hernia

Answer 32

improper functioning of the esophageal hiatus that can result in part of the stomach protruding through it into the thoracic cavity

Question 33

whats the hiatus

Answer 33

an opening in the diaphragm though which the esophagus passes form the thoracic cavity into the abdominal cavity

Question 34

what’s appendicitis and what causes it

Answer 34

inflammation of the appendix caused by a bacterial infection that’s a result of food material getting caught in the structure

Question 35

whats peritonitis

Answer 35

inflammation of the peritoneum that can be fatal

Question 36

what is the peritoneum

Answer 36

thin membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and holds the organs in place

Question 37

whats hepatitis

Answer 37

inflamation of the liver

Question 38

what are the 2 types of hepatitis

Answer 38

Infections hepatitis (hepatitis A) and serum hepatitis) hepatitis b

Question 39

how is infections hepatitis spread

Answer 39

food or water that is contaminated with feces or is unsanitary

Question 40

how is serum hepatitis spread

Answer 40

can enter blood vessels from unsterile needles used for injection or be sexually transmitted

Question 41

whats cirrhosis

Answer 41

when parts of the liver are destroyed and rpelacesd with connective tissue

Question 42

whats gall stones

Answer 42

when insufficient bile salts are present to dissolve cholesterol which causes pressure to build up in the gall bladder and common bile duct