Rest of Digestion Unit Notes Flashcards
what are the 6 enzymatic functions/characteristics
- regulate cell metabolism
- remain unchanged in a chemical reaction so that they
are reusable - only small amounts required
- end in “ase”
- each one catalyzes a specific reaction
- control reactions by lowing activation energy
whats activation energy
the amount of energy it takes to have a reaction start
whats anabolism-synthesis
process of taking smaller things and putting them togetehr
whats catabolism-breakdown
the process of taking bigger things and breaking htem down
what is the lock and key theory
theory that each enzyme has a special shape that only locks together with certain substrates
whats a substrate
the molecule being acted upon by the enzyme
whats denaturation
when different conditions change the shape of the enzyme so that it will not fit into the proper substrates, and therefore the reaction will not occur
what is the induced fit theory
that enzymes change their shape to fit into the substrate
what does an increase in temperature do to enzymes
decreases activation energy initially
what can high temperatures and incorrect pH levels cause
denaturation of an enzyme
what factors influence enzyme action
feedback inhibition, competitive inhibition, cofactors/coenzymes, precursor activation
what is feedback inhibition
enzyme action being stopped when enough of the product has been created
what is competitive inhibition
when enzyme action is blocked by incorrect foreign substances or substrates fitting into the active site
what are cofactors/coenzynes
the molecules or elements that are required in order to make the enzyme work
whats precursor activation
the certain substances required in order to activate the enzyme
what do the pancrease and liver do
aid in chemical digestion
where do the pancreas and liver empty into
duodenum
what does the liver do
produces bile salts to emulsify fats that cause large droplets of fat to break down into smaller droplets
what are the main roles of the liver in nutrient balance (5)
- help maintain metabolic balance of body
- ensure individual cells do not have to cope with large
fluctuations in chemical environment after meal - create homeostasis
- helps capillaries drain into circulatory system
- contains hepatic portal system
what are the 11 general functions of the liver
- regulate blood glucose levels
- synthesis of bile salts
- formation of cholesterol
- deamination of amino acids
- produce plasma proteins
- breakdown of hemoglobin to produce bilirubin
- storage
- detoxifies
- phagocytizes microorganisms and debris
- inactivates some hormones
- synthesizes essential enzymes
whats urea
a waste product in the urine caused by the deamination of amino acids
whats insulin
hormone that maintains glucose levels in the blood
what happens when the pancreas releases insulin
it makes cells more permeable. and decreases blood glucose levels by turning excess glucose into glycogen
what happens after vigorous activity
a decrease in blood glucose occurs, the pancreas releases glycogen and then converts it back into glucose to increase blood glucose levels
whats glucagon
hormone that converts stored sugar to glucose when there’s no sugar left in blood
whats glycogen
the stored form of glucose
whats hyperglycemia
when there is an insulin definceny making the blood glucose levels to high
whats hypoglycemia
when blood glucose levels are too low
whats hypoglycemia
when blood glucose levels are too low
what else does the pancreas release besides insulin
pancreatic juice
what is pancreatic juice
an alkaline solution that contains about 28 digestive enzymes
whats heartburn
when gastric juices escape from the stomach through the cardiac sphincter which causes a burning sensation in the esophagus
whats hiatus hernia
improper functioning of the esophageal hiatus that can result in part of the stomach protruding through it into the thoracic cavity
whats the hiatus
an opening in the diaphragm though which the esophagus passes form the thoracic cavity into the abdominal cavity
what’s appendicitis and what causes it
inflammation of the appendix caused by a bacterial infection that’s a result of food material getting caught in the structure
whats peritonitis
inflammation of the peritoneum that can be fatal
what is the peritoneum
thin membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and holds the organs in place
whats hepatitis
inflamation of the liver
what are the 2 types of hepatitis
Infections hepatitis (hepatitis A) and serum hepatitis) hepatitis b
how is infections hepatitis spread
food or water that is contaminated with feces or is unsanitary
how is serum hepatitis spread
can enter blood vessels from unsterile needles used for injection or be sexually transmitted
whats cirrhosis
when parts of the liver are destroyed and rpelacesd with connective tissue
whats gall stones
when insufficient bile salts are present to dissolve cholesterol which causes pressure to build up in the gall bladder and common bile duct
