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Biology 20 > Ecology and Adaptation Unit Final > Flashcards

Ecology and Adaptation Unit Final Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the three domains of life

A

eukarya, bacteria and archea

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2
Q

whats a homologous structure

A

Structures with similar anatomy, morphology, embryology and genetics but dissimilar functions

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3
Q

whats an analogous structure

A

Structures that are superficially similar but anatomically dissimilar doing the same function

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4
Q

whats the first law of thermodynamics

A

the total energy in a closed system is neither lost nor gained, only transformed

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5
Q

whats the second law of thermodynamics

A

during energy transformations, some energy is lost as heat

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6
Q

what happens as the trophic level increases

A

less energy becomes available to be used by the next organism

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7
Q

whats the formula for efficency

A

output/input x 100

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8
Q

what is biomass

A

the dry weight of living material

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9
Q

what does the pyramid of energy illustrat

A

the loss of energy at successive levels of a food web

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10
Q

what happens with each higher trophic level

A

biomass decreases

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11
Q

why are food chains short

A

because after higher-level consumers have ingested and metabolized there food, there’s is an insufficient supply of energy for a another energy transfer to occur

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12
Q

what do biomass pyramids indicate

A

that there is a large difference in the biomass content between the producers and top-level carnivores

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13
Q

whats an organism in the 1st trophic level caled

A

producer

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14
Q

whats an organism in the 2nd trophic level called

A

primary consumer

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14
Q

whats an organism in the 3rd trophic level called

A

secondary consumer

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14
Q

whats an organism in the 5th trophic level caled

A

quaternary consumer

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14
Q

whats an organism in the 4th trophic level caled

A

tertiary consumer

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14
Q

whats an organism in the 6th trophic level caled

A

quintary consumer

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15
Q

whats an organism in the 7th trophic level caled

A

sextary consumer

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16
Q

whats predation

A

when one living organism (the predator) feeds on another living organims (the prey)

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17
Q

whats parasatism

A

a type of symbiosis in which one of the species causes some harm to the other but tends not to kill it

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18
Q

whats commensalism

A

a symbiotic relationshuiph between two species in which one species Is benefited nd theother is neither helped nor harmed

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19
Q

whats an example of parasitism

A

tapeworm

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20
Q

whats an example of commensalism

A

remore on a shark

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21
Q

whats mutualism

A

symbiotic relaitonship wehre both members benefit

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22
Q

whats an exmaple of mutualism

A

termites and protozoans, clownfish adn sea anenomine

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23
Q

whats intraspecfic competion

A

competition between members of the same species

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24
Q

whats interspecific competition

A

competition between members of two different species

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25
Q

how does the lynx-hare cycle work

A

hares reproduction rate increases so they eat more of there food supply until they are forced to supplement their diet with less desirable and nutritious food because they eat so much. the lynx population increases in response, and other preadaotrs opportunistically begin to hunt the hare because there is more. the less nutritious diet begins to have an effect and hares begin to die which causes less hares to be born decreasing the population which causes the lynx population to decrease, allowing the vegetation to recover. once there is enough vegetation for the hares the population begins to increase again and the whole cycle starts over

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26
Q

whats the order for the classification system

A

domain, kingdom, phylem, class, order, family, genus, species

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27
Q

how is binomial nomenclature written

A

first part is genus with first letter capitalized, second part is species with first letter lowercase, whole name italicized

28
Q

whats the order for the classification system

A

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

29
Q

whats a food web

A

collection of food chains

30
Q

where does most energy in the food chain go to

A

producers

31
Q

where does all energy in the food chain come from

A

sun

32
Q

what are the 4 steps of the nitrogen cycle in order

A

decomposition, nitrogen fixation, nitrificaiton, denitricicaiton

33
Q

what happens in decomposition

A

decomposers break down dead material into ammonia

34
Q

what happesn in nitrogen fixation

A

bacteria converts nitrgoen to ammonium

35
Q

what happens in nitrification

A

Nitrifying bacteria takes ammonium and convert it to nitrite and then nitrate, which can be used by plants

36
Q

what happens in denitrification

A

Bacteria convert nitrate back to N2 to restart the cycle

37
Q

whats the forumal for nitrate

A

NO3

38
Q

whats the forumla for nitrite

A

NO2

39
Q

what type of relationship is there between nitrogen-fixing bacteria and plants

A

mutualistic

40
Q

what happens in nitrification

A

nitrifying bacteria takes ammonium and convert it to nitrite then nitrate which can be used by plants

41
Q

whats albedo

A

the amount of energy reflected off of a surface

42
Q

what does a pyramid of numbers show

A

the pattern that there are fewer numbers of organisms the higher the trophic level

43
Q

what does a pyramid of biomass show

A

the amount of energy at each trophic level and in the living tissues of an ecosystem

44
Q

what does a pyramid of energy show

A

the total amount of energy that is transferred through each trophic level

45
Q

steps of water cycle

A

evaporation, condensation, sublimation, precipitation, transpiration, runoff, infiltration

46
Q

steps of carbon-oxygen cycle

A

carbon goes into photosynthesis which produces oxygen that goes into cellular respiration which has a bi product of carbon that goes back into the atmosphere for the cycle to continue

47
Q

what does the term environment refer to

A

eferthing that affects an organism thorugh its life as well as everything that the organism effects

48
Q

whats a population

A

a group of individuals of the same species living in a specific area at the same time

49
Q

whats a community

A

all of the individuals in all of the interacting populations in a given area

50
Q

whats an ecosystem

A

a communithy of populations together with the abiotic factors that surround and affect it in that area

51
Q

whats a biosphere made up of

A

all the ecosystems in the world and their intractions

52
Q

whats the orginization levels of the bioshpere in order from smalest to biggest

A

individual organism, population, commmunity, ecosystem, bioshphere

53
Q

whats natural selection

A

process that results when the charactersitics of a population of organisms change because individuals with certain inherited traits survive specific conditions and pass on their traits to their offspring through reproduction

54
Q

what is needed for natural selection to occur

A

diversity within a species

55
Q

whats lamarcks theory called

A

the inheritance of acquired characteristics

56
Q

what does lamarcks theory suggest

A

that adaptations developed by an organism thorugh its life span resulted in characteristics that could be inherited by offspring

57
Q

what was charles darwins theory called

A

natural selection

58
Q

what are the 2 pathways that can lead to speciation

A

transformation or divergence

59
Q

whats transformation

A

when a new species gradually develops as a result of mutation and adaptation to chaing environmental conditions, and the old species is gradually replaced

60
Q

whats divergence

A

when one or more speies arise from a parent species that continues to exist

61
Q

whats symbiosis

A

the direct or close relationship between individuals of different species that live together

62
Q

whats succession

A

the sequence of invasion and replacemnt of species in an ecosystmen that results in a gradual change in community structure, beginning with a pioneer ommunitya dn leading towards a climax community

63
Q

what makes up the pioneer communit

A

the first species to colonize an area and initiate sucsess

64
Q

whats teh biosphere

A

the narrow zone around the earth that harbors life

65
Q

what are teh 3 structural zones of the earth

A

lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere

66
Q

zones or earths atmosphere in order from to closest to earth to farthest from earth

A

troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, upper atmosphere, magnetosphere

67
Q

where is teh ozone layer

A

in the stratosphere

68
Q

wheres the ionosphere

A

upper atmosphere

69
Q

whats the ionosphere

A

zone that absorbs most of the deadly x rays and gamma rays produced by solar radiation

70
Q

wheres teh magnetosphere

A

just beyond the limits of the atmosphere

71
Q

what does the magnetosphere do

A

deflects most of the charged and potentially lethal particles that are emitted by the sun or that come from interstellar space

72
Q

what must happen to matter to maintain the bioshpehre

A

matter has to be recycled

73
Q

what are the 2 ways that phospherous tends to recycle

A

a long term cycle involving rocks of the earths crust, a shorter cycle involving living organisms

Biology 20 (31 decks)

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