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Biology 20 > Circulatory System Quiz > Flashcards

Circulatory System Quiz Flashcards

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1
Q

How does the heart muscle appear under a microscope

A

striated

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2
Q

whats the myogenic heart muscle

A

ability of the muscle to contract without external nerve stimulation

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3
Q

What is an example of nervous stimuli to increase heart rate?

A

fear, excitement, tension

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4
Q

what’s an example of physical stimuli to increase heart rate

A

exercise

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5
Q

whats an example of chemical stimuli to increase heart rate

A

carbon dioxide, nicotine, caffeine, alcohol, hormones

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6
Q

whats the main nervous regulating centre of heart rate called

A

medulla oblongata

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7
Q

what do the 2 pairs of nerves leaving the medulla oblongata

A

one pair increases heart rate, the other pair slows heart rate down

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8
Q

where are the stimulatory nerve fibers located

A

in the spinal cord

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9
Q

where are the inhibitory nerves located

A

in vagus nerve of brain

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10
Q

what is the heart rate set by

A

sinoatrial node (SA node)

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11
Q

What is the sinoatrial node

A

a bundle of speicalized nerves located when venae cavae enter right atrium that acts as a pacemaker for the heart

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12
Q

where are nerve impulses from the ‘pacemaker’ of the heart carried

A

to the atrioventricular node

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13
Q

where are nerve impulses from the ‘pacemaker’ of the heart carried

A

to the atrioventricular node (AV node)

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14
Q

where is the atrioventricular node located

A

spetum of the heart

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15
Q

what does the AV node do

A

it serves as a conductor passing nerve impulses along special tracts through the dividing septum toward the ventricles

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16
Q

where do the impulses go from the AV node

A

bundle of his

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17
Q

whats the bundle of his

A

special tissues that runs down the septum to the apex of the heart

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18
Q

what’s the order in how nerve impulses travel through the heart

A

SA node –> AV node –> bundle of his –> purkinje fibres

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19
Q

where do the impulses go after the bundle of his

A

off to the pukinge fibres

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20
Q

what do the purkinje fibres do

A

conduct impulses into the muscular walls of the ventricles

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21
Q

where do the ventricular contractions begin

A

at the bottom of the ventricles and then spread upwards

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22
Q

What are contractions immediately followed by and why

A

Relaxation; because the heart muscle cannot sustain a contraction for a long period of time

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23
Q

how does the AV node ensure that the ventricles contract a fraction of a second after the atria

A

through the time required to stimulate the node

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24
Q

what causes heart rate to increase

A

impulses from vena cava

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25
Q

what causes heart rate centre to decrease heart rate

A

impulses from aorta or carotid arteries

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26
Q

how does an artifical pacemaker work

A

electrode emits electrical impulses at timed intervals that can speed up a heart rate or correct an erratic heartbeat

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27
Q

whats an electrocardiogram

A

device which measures electrical fields in the heart

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28
Q

what does the p wave of an ECG show

A

atrial contraction

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29
Q

what does the QRS spike of an ECG show

A

records ventricular contraction

30
Q

What does the t wave of an ECG mean

A

Signals that the ventricles have contracted

31
Q

how do blood cells move through capillaries

A

in single file

32
Q

what does blood have to do in capillarie beds and what does it do

A

it has to slow down which enhacnes nutrient, gas and waste exchange

33
Q

whats the typical amount of lbood in the body

A

5-7 litres

34
Q

what is the lining of blood vessels called

A

endothielia cells

35
Q

why are capillaries so thin

A

helps to enhance absorption

36
Q

what do precapillary sphincters do

A

allow or prevent passage of blood into a capillary bed so that the blood can be directed to the specific beds as needed

37
Q

whats a capillarie bed

A

an enormous number of capillaries

38
Q

what are the 5 types of capillarie exchange

A

diffusion, osmosis, active transport, ameboid movement, and hydrostatic pressure

39
Q

whats capillarie exchange

A

transfer of substances between the blood and extracellular fluid (ECF)

40
Q

whats capillary exchange

A

transfer of substances between teh blood and extra cellular fluid (ECF)

41
Q

whats emeboid movment

A

when white blood cells squeeze out of capillary pores

42
Q

whats hydrostatic pressure

A

force that moves fluids thorugh pipes

43
Q

what does hydrostatic pressure do in the circulatory system

A

makes it so that blood pressure is due to the force of the heart

44
Q

where is hydrostatic pressure the greatest in a capillary bed

A

arteriole end

45
Q

where is hydrostatic pressure the least in a capillary bed

A

at the venule end

46
Q

What does hydrostatic pressure assist with

A

speeding up the transfer of materials in capillary exchange

47
Q

what are the 2 main factors that effect blood pressure

A

cardiac output and the resistance of arterial blood vessels

48
Q

what is cardiac output

A

the amount of. blood pumper by the ventricles per minute

49
Q

whats stroke volume determined by

A

the size of the heart; fitness level/strength of the heart

50
Q

whats stroke volume

A

the amount of blood pumped to the body with each beat of the heart

51
Q

what 2 factors effect cardiac output

A

heart rate and stroke volume

52
Q

what 3 factors affect resistance of arterial blood vessels

A

blood viscosity, diameter and elasticity of blood vessels

53
Q

what is vasoconstriction

A

narrowing of the blood vessels, increasing blood pressure

54
Q

whats vasodilation

A

enlargement of blood vessels which decreases blood pressure

55
Q

What is vasoconstriction under

A

sympathetic control

56
Q

What is vasodilation under

A

parasympathetic system control

57
Q

What are some other factors that can influence blood pressure

A

stretch receptor stimulation, precapillary sphincter regulation, amount of blood, hormonal control

58
Q

what is the pulse

A

surge of blood at each ventricular contraction through muscular, elastic arterial walls

59
Q

what does systolic pressure represnet

A

when the ventricles ocntract

60
Q

what does diastolic pressure represent

A

when ventricles relaz and are filling

61
Q

why is diastolic pressure so critical

A

it indicates the amount of rest a heart will get

62
Q

how long does each cardiac cycle roughly last

A

around 0.8 secondons

63
Q

whats hypertension

A

when arteriole blood pressure is above average and involves a sustained systolic pressure or diastolic pressure greater then the average range

64
Q

what does being overwheight do to blodd vessels

A

decreases internal diameter which can increase risk of heart problems

65
Q

what happens during shock

A

the heart beats faster and fast, decreasing cardiac output and causing the relaxation of ventricles to become shorter, resulting in less blood filling the ventricles and the stroke volume lowering

66
Q

whats coronary artery disease

A

disease of the arteries surrounding the heat

67
Q

what is atherosclerosis

A

deposition of fatty compounds on the inner lining of the coronary arterys

68
Q

what is angina pectoris

A

an episode of chest pain due to a temporary difference between the supply and demand of oxygen to the heart muscle

69
Q

whats an arrhuthmia

A

an abnoraml heart rythm

70
Q

whats a heart murmur

A

when an extra sound is heard between normal heart sounds

Biology 20 (31 decks)

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