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Biology 20 > Circulatory System Unit Final > Flashcards

Circulatory System Unit Final Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the circulatory system

A

the system in which a medium transports nutrients and oxygen to individual cells and wastes away from cells

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2
Q

where is the function of the circulatory system carried out at

A

the capillaries

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3
Q

what type of system is the circulatory system

A

closed continuous system

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4
Q

what is the path of blood

A

heart –> arteries –> arterioles –> venules –> veins –> heart

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5
Q

what are interstital fluids

A

fluid surrounding the blood vessels

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6
Q

what are the 3 divisions of the circulatory system

A

system, pulmonary, coronary

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7
Q

what does the systemic system do

A

supplies the circulatory system and deals with anything to do with the arms and legs

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8
Q

what does the pulmonary system do

A

carries blood to and from the lungs and deals with anything in regards to the lungs

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9
Q

what does the coronary system do

A

supply the heart with blood/oxygen

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10
Q

what is the heart and where is it located

A

a cone shaped double pump orggan that is around the size of a fist and is loavated behind the sternum with the apex extending downward and to the left

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11
Q

on average how much blood is pumped through the system every minute

A

5L

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12
Q

what are some structural characteristics of arteries

A

Thick muscled walls, no valves, less numerous, usually rich in oxygen, high pressure, located deeper in the tissues, blood travels in spurts

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13
Q

what are some structural characteristics of veins

A

thin muscled walls, valves to prevent back flow, blood travels slowly and smoothly, low in oxygen and high in carbon dioxide, have low pressure, near bodies surface, rely on skeletal muscles to return blood to heart, more numerous

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14
Q

what sound does the heart make

A

a lub dub sound

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15
Q

what is the lub sound

A

closing of AV valves and blood slapping against these valves when the ventricles are full and are about to contract

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16
Q

what is the dub sound

A

closing of the semilunar valves after blood has left the ventricle through arteries and blood hitting or slapping against these valves

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17
Q

what are heart murmurs and what are three main types

A

problems with valves; incomplete closure, incomplete opening, hole in valve

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18
Q

what are antibodies

A

something you will produce in repsponse to something that’s foreign in the body

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19
Q

what is the universal donor

A

type O

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20
Q

waht is the universal receiver

A

type AB

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21
Q

what is the rhesus factor

A

determines wether your blood is positive or negative

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22
Q

what anitgens and antibodies are in type A blood

A

A antigens, b antibodies

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23
Q

what anitgens and antibodies are in type B blood

A

B antigens, a antibodies

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24
Q

what antigens and antibodies are in type AB blood

A

A and B antigens, no antibodies

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25
Q

what antigens antibodies are in type O blood

A

no antigens, a and b antibodies

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26
Q

who can blood type A donate to and receive from

A

can donate to A and AB; can receive from A and O

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27
Q

who can blood type B donate to and receive from

A

can donate to B and AB; can receive from B and O

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28
Q

who can blood type AB donate to and receive from

A

can donate to AB; can receive from A, B, AB, O

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29
Q

who can blood type A donate to and receive from

A

can donate to A, B, AB, O; can receive from O

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30
Q

what is artherosclerosis

A

depostiion of fatty compounds on the inner lining of the coronary arteries

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31
Q

whats angina

A

episode of chest pain due to a temporary difference between the supply and demand of oxygen to the heart muscle

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32
Q

what is congestive heart failure

A

condition in which the heart is unable to pump its required amount of blood

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33
Q

what is congenital heart disease

A

abnormalities in heart at birth

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34
Q

what is varicose veins

A

abnormally swollen veins

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35
Q

what valve closes at birth

A

foramen ovale

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36
Q

what are the 7 functions of blood

A

supply oxygen and nutrients to tissues, transport hormones, transport antibodies to fight infection, help to maintain body temperature, preservation of slight alkalinity in the tissues, clot wounds, removal of wastes

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37
Q

what is blood

A

connective tissues with a liquid matrix

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38
Q

what is the liquid portion of blood called

A

plasma

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39
Q

what are the 3 formed elements suspended in plasma

A

red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets

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40
Q

what does plasma contain

A

water, inorganic ions, vitamins, hormones, organic nutrients, urea, and protein molecules

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41
Q

what does serum albumin do

A

maintain omotic pressure of blood

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42
Q

what does serum globulins do

A

act as antibodies for use in defecne against disease

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43
Q

what does fibrinogen do

A

acts in teh clotting of blood

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44
Q

what is the remaining blood fluid called

A

blood serum

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45
Q

what are red blood cells

A

disc shaped biconcave cells without nuclei

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46
Q

where are red blood cells made

A

in red bone marrow

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47
Q

what is the function of red blood cells

A

to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

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48
Q

what happesn when blood oxygen levels are lowered

A

amount of red blood cells increased

49
Q

whats erythropoiesis

A

red blood cell formation

50
Q

what is anemia

A

a deficency in hemoglovin or red blood cells that decreases oxygen delivery to the tissues

51
Q

what is hemorrhaging and what can it causee

A

internal bleeding; anemia

52
Q

how much blood loss before the body is incapable of coping

A

40%

53
Q

what is the structure of white blood cells

A

have a large nuclei often with lobes

54
Q

what are the 5 different types of WBCs

A

neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, basophils, eosinophils

55
Q

where are most leukocytes found

A

in lymphatic system

56
Q

what do WBCs do

A

help defend body against disease

57
Q

what is teh funciton of neutrophils

A

patrol the organism for signs of infection then quickly respond when they are found, as well as boost the response of other immune cells

58
Q

what do lymphocytes do

A

give rise to cells that produce antibodies to destroy foreign substances that act as antigens

59
Q

what do monocytes do

A

surround and kill microorganisms, ingest foreign material, remove dead cells, and boost immune responses.

60
Q

what do basophils do

A

Defend your body from pathogens, allergens and parasites

61
Q

what’s the purpose of eosinophils

A

Fight substances and infections that have been flagged by immune systems

62
Q

what happesn when sever infection is present

A

number of leucocytes increase

63
Q

whats pus

A

accumulation of living and dead leucocytes, dead tissues and bacterial cells

64
Q

wahts leukemia

A

cancerous disease of the blood forming organs

65
Q

do platelets have a nucleous

A

no

66
Q

where are platelets produced

A

from large nucleated cells in the bone marror

67
Q

how do platelets initiate clotting reaction

A

move through smooth blood vessels but rupture if they strike a sharp edge caused by something like a cut

68
Q

what happesn when a platelt strikes a rough surface

A

it breaks apart and releases a protein called thromboplastin

69
Q

what does thromboplastin do

A

activates prothrombin in the presence of calcium

70
Q

what does prothrombin do

A

is trransfored into thrombin under the influece o thromboplastic

71
Q

what does thrombin do

A

acts as an enzymde by splicing two amino acids from the fibrinogen molecule

72
Q

what is fibrinogen converted to

A

fibrin threads

73
Q

what do fibrin threads do

A

wrap around teh damaged area and seal the puncture in the skin with a clot

74
Q

what is the summary of the blood clotting reaction

A

Thromboplastin is released from platelet which activates prothrombin and converts it to thrombin, which breaks off two amino acids form the fibrinogen molecule in the presence of calcium, which converts the fibrinogen to fibrin threads which wrap around the damaged area to form a clot

75
Q

how do blood cells move thorugh capillaries

A

in single file

76
Q

which type of blood vessel is the most numerous throughout the body

A

capillaries

77
Q

whats teh structure of capillaries

A

very thing vessels made of single endothelial cells

78
Q

whats a capillary bed

A

an enormous number of capillaries

79
Q

what happens to the speed of blood in capillary beds and what does this do

A

it slows down to enhance nutrient, gas and waste exchange

80
Q

what do precapillary sphincters do

A

allow or prevent passage of blood into a capillary bed so that blood can be directed to specific beds as needed

81
Q

whats extra cellular fluid

A

fluid that surrounds the cells

82
Q

what is capillary exchagne

A

transfer of substances between teh blood and extra cellular fluid

83
Q

what are the 5 diffrerent processes involved in capillary exchange

A

diffusion, osmosis, active transport, ameboid movment, hydrostatic pressure

84
Q

whats another name for the bicuspid valve

A

mitral valve

85
Q

whats osmosis in relation to capillary exchange

A

When small molecules diffuse through endothelial cells and capillary pores

86
Q

whats active transport within capillary exchagne

A

when capillary wall cells are actively engulfin or transporting materials against the concentration gradient

87
Q

whats ameboid movment

A

when white blood cells squeeze out of capillary pores

88
Q

what is hydrostatic pressure and what does it cause

A

force that moves fluids thorugh pipes; force of heart creating blood pressure within the circulatory system

89
Q

where is hydrostatic pressure the greates in a capillary bed

A

at the arteriole end

90
Q

where is hydrostatic pressure the least in a capillarie bed

A

at the venule end

91
Q

what does hydrostatic pressure do

A

assists and speeds up the transfer of materials in capillary exchange

92
Q

what are the 2 main factors that affect cardiac output

A

heart rate and stroke volume

93
Q

whats cardiac output

A

amount of blodo pumped per minute by the ventricles

94
Q

what is heart rate determined by

A

levels of CO2 in trhe blood

95
Q

what is stroke volume determined by

A

size and strength of heart

96
Q

what are the 2 mian factors that affect blood pressure

A

caridac output, resistance of arterial blood vessles

97
Q

what 3 things affect resistance of arterial blood vessels

A

blood viscosity, diameter of blood vessels, elasticticy of blood vessels

98
Q

whats vasoconstriction and what control is it under

A

narrowing of blood vessels; sympathetic control

99
Q

what nervous system results in slowed heart rate

A

parasympathetic

100
Q

what nervous system results in increased heart rate

A

sympathetic

101
Q

whats vasodilation and waht control is it under

A

vasodilation

102
Q

whats vasodilation and waht control is it under

A

enlargement of blood vessels; parasympathetic control

103
Q

what are some other factors that can influence blood pressure

A

stretch receptor stimulation, precapillary sphincter regulation, amount of blood, hormonal control

104
Q

whats pulse

A

surge of blood at each ventricular contraciton through muscular elastic arterial walls

105
Q

whats sytolic pressure measuring

A

when the ventricels contract

106
Q

whats diastolic pressure measuign and why is it so critical

A

when the ventricles relax and are filling; indicates the amount of rest a heart will get

107
Q

whats hypertension

A

arteriole blood pressure above average

108
Q

what does being overweight cause

A

build-up of fatty deposits in the blood vessels that decrease their internal diameter

109
Q

what happens during shock

A

heart beats fast adn faster, decreasing cardiac output, and causing relaxation of ventricles to become short resulting in the ventricles filling with less blood and creating a lower stroke volume

110
Q

what is the process in which the body protects itself when a foreign cell enters the body

A

white blood cells chemically notify t cells which begin to reproduce themselves and create chemicals that notice the b cells which begin to reproduce themselves and produce antibodies that seek out and destroy the foreign cells. once the virus cells have been restored the cells are notified to return to dormant state. some of the t cells remain as memory cells so that they can quickly re attack if the same foreign cell ever enters the body again.

111
Q

what does the lympahtic system fo

A

drians tissue spaces and cabites of fluid that have leaked out of the capillaries and returns them to the blood stream

112
Q

what is the structure of the lmphatic system

A

contains a large number of thick walled ducts, lymph nodes and vessels that all push the fluid around the system by the squeezing action of skeletal and other organ muscles

113
Q

what is the structure of the lymphatic system

A

contains a large number of thick walled ducts, lymph nodes and vessels that all push the fluid around the system by the squeezing action of skeletal and other organ muscles

114
Q

what is lymph

A

a watery substance that is often milky in colour

115
Q

what does lymph contain

A

some proteins that have excaped thorugh the capillarie walls

116
Q

where is the greatest concentration of lymph nodes

A

neck, armpits and groin

117
Q

What is a lymph node

A

A compartmentalized mass of tissue that harbours lymphocytes

118
Q

where do foreign materials go when they have entered the tissue

A

they are swept into the nodes where they are attacked by lymphocytes

Biology 20 (31 decks)

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