Circulatory System Unit Final Flashcards
1
Q
what is the circulatory system
A
the system in which a medium transports nutrients and oxygen to individual cells and wastes away from cells
2
Q
where is the function of the circulatory system carried out at
A
the capillaries
3
Q
what type of system is the circulatory system
A
closed continuous system
4
Q
what is the path of blood
A
heart –> arteries –> arterioles –> venules –> veins –> heart
5
Q
what are interstital fluids
A
fluid surrounding the blood vessels
6
Q
what are the 3 divisions of the circulatory system
A
system, pulmonary, coronary
7
Q
what does the systemic system do
A
supplies the circulatory system and deals with anything to do with the arms and legs
8
Q
what does the pulmonary system do
A
carries blood to and from the lungs and deals with anything in regards to the lungs
9
Q
what does the coronary system do
A
supply the heart with blood/oxygen
10
Q
what is the heart and where is it located
A
a cone shaped double pump orggan that is around the size of a fist and is loavated behind the sternum with the apex extending downward and to the left
11
Q
on average how much blood is pumped through the system every minute
A
5L
12
Q
what are some structural characteristics of arteries
A
Thick muscled walls, no valves, less numerous, usually rich in oxygen, high pressure, located deeper in the tissues, blood travels in spurts
13
Q
what are some structural characteristics of veins
A
thin muscled walls, valves to prevent back flow, blood travels slowly and smoothly, low in oxygen and high in carbon dioxide, have low pressure, near bodies surface, rely on skeletal muscles to return blood to heart, more numerous
14
Q
what sound does the heart make
A
a lub dub sound
15
Q
what is the lub sound
A
closing of AV valves and blood slapping against these valves when the ventricles are full and are about to contract
16
Q
what is the dub sound
A
closing of the semilunar valves after blood has left the ventricle through arteries and blood hitting or slapping against these valves
17
Q
what are heart murmurs and what are three main types
A
problems with valves; incomplete closure, incomplete opening, hole in valve
18
Q
what are antibodies
A
something you will produce in repsponse to something that’s foreign in the body
19
Q
what is the universal donor
A
type O
20
Q
waht is the universal receiver
A
type AB
21
Q
what is the rhesus factor
A
determines wether your blood is positive or negative
22
Q
what anitgens and antibodies are in type A blood
A
A antigens, b antibodies
23
Q
what anitgens and antibodies are in type B blood
A
B antigens, a antibodies
24
Q
what antigens and antibodies are in type AB blood
A
A and B antigens, no antibodies
25
what antigens antibodies are in type O blood
no antigens, a and b antibodies
26
who can blood type A donate to and receive from
can donate to A and AB; can receive from A and O
27
who can blood type B donate to and receive from
can donate to B and AB; can receive from B and O
28
who can blood type AB donate to and receive from
can donate to AB; can receive from A, B, AB, O
29
who can blood type A donate to and receive from
can donate to A, B, AB, O; can receive from O
30
what is artherosclerosis
depostiion of fatty compounds on the inner lining of the coronary arteries
31
whats angina
episode of chest pain due to a temporary difference between the supply and demand of oxygen to the heart muscle
32
what is congestive heart failure
condition in which the heart is unable to pump its required amount of blood
33
what is congenital heart disease
abnormalities in heart at birth
34
what is varicose veins
abnormally swollen veins
35
what valve closes at birth
foramen ovale
36
what are the 7 functions of blood
supply oxygen and nutrients to tissues, transport hormones, transport antibodies to fight infection, help to maintain body temperature, preservation of slight alkalinity in the tissues, clot wounds, removal of wastes
37
what is blood
connective tissues with a liquid matrix
38
what is the liquid portion of blood called
plasma
39
what are the 3 formed elements suspended in plasma
red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets
40
what does plasma contain
water, inorganic ions, vitamins, hormones, organic nutrients, urea, and protein molecules
41
what does serum albumin do
maintain omotic pressure of blood
42
what does serum globulins do
act as antibodies for use in defecne against disease
43
what does fibrinogen do
acts in teh clotting of blood
44
what is the remaining blood fluid called
blood serum
45
what are red blood cells
disc shaped biconcave cells without nuclei
46
where are red blood cells made
in red bone marrow
47
what is the function of red blood cells
to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
48
what happesn when blood oxygen levels are lowered
amount of red blood cells increased
49
whats erythropoiesis
red blood cell formation
50
what is anemia
a deficency in hemoglovin or red blood cells that decreases oxygen delivery to the tissues
51
what is hemorrhaging and what can it causee
internal bleeding; anemia
52
how much blood loss before the body is incapable of coping
40%
53
what is the structure of white blood cells
have a large nuclei often with lobes
54
what are the 5 different types of WBCs
neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, basophils, eosinophils
55
where are most leukocytes found
in lymphatic system
56
what do WBCs do
help defend body against disease
57
what is teh funciton of neutrophils
patrol the organism for signs of infection then quickly respond when they are found, as well as boost the response of other immune cells
58
what do lymphocytes do
give rise to cells that produce antibodies to destroy foreign substances that act as antigens
59
what do monocytes do
surround and kill microorganisms, ingest foreign material, remove dead cells, and boost immune responses.
60
what do basophils do
Defend your body from pathogens, allergens and parasites
61
what's the purpose of eosinophils
Fight substances and infections that have been flagged by immune systems
62
what happesn when sever infection is present
number of leucocytes increase
63
whats pus
accumulation of living and dead leucocytes, dead tissues and bacterial cells
64
wahts leukemia
cancerous disease of the blood forming organs
65
do platelets have a nucleous
no
66
where are platelets produced
from large nucleated cells in the bone marror
67
how do platelets initiate clotting reaction
move through smooth blood vessels but rupture if they strike a sharp edge caused by something like a cut
68
what happesn when a platelt strikes a rough surface
it breaks apart and releases a protein called thromboplastin
69
what does thromboplastin do
activates prothrombin in the presence of calcium
70
what does prothrombin do
is trransfored into thrombin under the influece o thromboplastic
71
what does thrombin do
acts as an enzymde by splicing two amino acids from the fibrinogen molecule
72
what is fibrinogen converted to
fibrin threads
73
what do fibrin threads do
wrap around teh damaged area and seal the puncture in the skin with a clot
74
what is the summary of the blood clotting reaction
Thromboplastin is released from platelet which activates prothrombin and converts it to thrombin, which breaks off two amino acids form the fibrinogen molecule in the presence of calcium, which converts the fibrinogen to fibrin threads which wrap around the damaged area to form a clot
75
how do blood cells move thorugh capillaries
in single file
76
which type of blood vessel is the most numerous throughout the body
capillaries
77
whats teh structure of capillaries
very thing vessels made of single endothelial cells
78
whats a capillary bed
an enormous number of capillaries
79
what happens to the speed of blood in capillary beds and what does this do
it slows down to enhance nutrient, gas and waste exchange
80
what do precapillary sphincters do
allow or prevent passage of blood into a capillary bed so that blood can be directed to specific beds as needed
81
whats extra cellular fluid
fluid that surrounds the cells
82
what is capillary exchagne
transfer of substances between teh blood and extra cellular fluid
83
what are the 5 diffrerent processes involved in capillary exchange
diffusion, osmosis, active transport, ameboid movment, hydrostatic pressure
84
whats another name for the bicuspid valve
mitral valve
85
whats osmosis in relation to capillary exchange
When small molecules diffuse through endothelial cells and capillary pores
86
whats active transport within capillary exchagne
when capillary wall cells are actively engulfin or transporting materials against the concentration gradient
87
whats ameboid movment
when white blood cells squeeze out of capillary pores
88
what is hydrostatic pressure and what does it cause
force that moves fluids thorugh pipes; force of heart creating blood pressure within the circulatory system
89
where is hydrostatic pressure the greates in a capillary bed
at the arteriole end
90
where is hydrostatic pressure the least in a capillarie bed
at the venule end
91
what does hydrostatic pressure do
assists and speeds up the transfer of materials in capillary exchange
92
what are the 2 main factors that affect cardiac output
heart rate and stroke volume
93
whats cardiac output
amount of blodo pumped per minute by the ventricles
94
what is heart rate determined by
levels of CO2 in trhe blood
95
what is stroke volume determined by
size and strength of heart
96
what are the 2 mian factors that affect blood pressure
caridac output, resistance of arterial blood vessles
97
what 3 things affect resistance of arterial blood vessels
blood viscosity, diameter of blood vessels, elasticticy of blood vessels
98
whats vasoconstriction and what control is it under
narrowing of blood vessels; sympathetic control
99
what nervous system results in slowed heart rate
parasympathetic
100
what nervous system results in increased heart rate
sympathetic
101
whats vasodilation and waht control is it under
vasodilation
102
whats vasodilation and waht control is it under
enlargement of blood vessels; parasympathetic control
103
what are some other factors that can influence blood pressure
stretch receptor stimulation, precapillary sphincter regulation, amount of blood, hormonal control
104
whats pulse
surge of blood at each ventricular contraciton through muscular elastic arterial walls
105
whats sytolic pressure measuring
when the ventricels contract
106
whats diastolic pressure measuign and why is it so critical
when the ventricles relax and are filling; indicates the amount of rest a heart will get
107
whats hypertension
arteriole blood pressure above average
108
what does being overweight cause
build-up of fatty deposits in the blood vessels that decrease their internal diameter
109
what happens during shock
heart beats fast adn faster, decreasing cardiac output, and causing relaxation of ventricles to become short resulting in the ventricles filling with less blood and creating a lower stroke volume
110
what is the process in which the body protects itself when a foreign cell enters the body
white blood cells chemically notify t cells which begin to reproduce themselves and create chemicals that notice the b cells which begin to reproduce themselves and produce antibodies that seek out and destroy the foreign cells. once the virus cells have been restored the cells are notified to return to dormant state. some of the t cells remain as memory cells so that they can quickly re attack if the same foreign cell ever enters the body again.
111
what does the lympahtic system fo
drians tissue spaces and cabites of fluid that have leaked out of the capillaries and returns them to the blood stream
112
what is the structure of the lmphatic system
contains a large number of thick walled ducts, lymph nodes and vessels that all push the fluid around the system by the squeezing action of skeletal and other organ muscles
113
what is the structure of the lymphatic system
contains a large number of thick walled ducts, lymph nodes and vessels that all push the fluid around the system by the squeezing action of skeletal and other organ muscles
114
what is lymph
a watery substance that is often milky in colour
115
what does lymph contain
some proteins that have excaped thorugh the capillarie walls
116
where is the greatest concentration of lymph nodes
neck, armpits and groin
117
What is a lymph node
A compartmentalized mass of tissue that harbours lymphocytes
118
where do foreign materials go when they have entered the tissue
they are swept into the nodes where they are attacked by lymphocytes
