Respiratory System Study Questions Flashcards
What is external respiration
gas exchange between air and blood at the lung
what is internal respiration
gasses must be exchanged between blood and tissue cells
what are the main organs for external respiration in adult vertebrates?
gills or lungs
characterize the gills of cartilaginous fish vs bony fish
cartilaginous fish- 5-10 sets of gill slits
bony fish- have an operculum that covers gills
how does water move through the gills of cartilaginous fish vs bony fish
cartilaginous fish- ram ventilation pushes water through the gills
bony fish- swallow water and push through their gills
what is an operculum and what is its function
a gill cover that bony fish have to cover the gill slits for protection
how does the swim bladder develop
derived from an outpouching of the digestive tube. It contains gas to help fish maintain depth without floating or sinking
which groups have a swim bladder
bony fish have a swim bladder, reptiles, amphibians, birds, and mammals do not
what is the pneumatic duct
connection between esophagus and swim bladder
what is the principal role of the swim bladder
to maintain buoyancy
characterize the larynx of tetrapods below mammals
mammals and reptiles have vocal folds to produce sounds
birds do not have this instead they produce sounds from the bottom of the trachea
what is the epiglottis
lid coving the larynx during swallowing in mammals
what is the function of the trachea
allow passage of inspired and expired air into and out of the lungs
what are cartilaginous rings and what are their functions
a strong flexible c shaped tissue that supports the trachea
what are bronchi? Which groups have a syrinx?
bronchi have large tubes that connect the trachea to the left and right lungs. birds have a syrinx
where is the syrinx and what is its function
it is located at the caudal end of the trachea and it is a second voice box
characterize the lungs if amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals
amphibians- bidirectional buccal pump
reptiles- bidirectional, aspiration pump
birds- cross current unidirectional flow, air sac system
mammals- bidirectional, aspiration pump
which groups have air sacs and what are the functions
birds; they serve as internal compartments which hold air and facilitate internal air passage to allow birds to have a continuous flow of large volumes of air through the lungs
how does air move through the avian respiratory system? what is the advantage?
birds have small lungs and nine air sacs the air sacs permit a unidirectional flow of air they breathe is “fresh” and has a higher o2 concentration which gives them the advantage of having more oxygen diffuse into the blood
how does air flow through the mammalian respiratory system
after it enters the trachea it gets spread out by the bronchi to the alveoli then the oxygen diffuses into the bloodstream and mammals have bidirectional breathing
what is the role of the diaphragm in mammalian respiration
involved in breathing “aspirational” pump it contracts and relaxes to move air into the lungs
crosscurrent fish
the air carrying the oxygen is moving through the respiratory structures (parabronchi), which are positined perpendicular to the movement of blood around the parabronchi
crosscurrent birds
within parabrachial lungs
unidirectional flow at an oblique angle
why don’t cartilaginous fish need a swim bladder
they are less dense than bony fish
what animals have lungs
adult amphibians
reptiles
birds
mammals
what is needed for cutaneous respiration
moist amphibians
thin keratin
is mainly used to diffuse co2 out
accessory organs for birds
air sacs
dog shark respiration path
mouth- internal gills- parabrachial cavity- external gills
in dogfish sharks the mouth and spiracle are involved in respiration
then oxygen travels to the h20 transpasive- oral cavity- pharynx- then gills
frog four stage ventilation
1- buccal cavity increase in size
2-glottis opens
3-nares close
4-glottis closes and lungs fill
