Respiratory System Study Questions Flashcards

1
Q

What is external respiration

A

gas exchange between air and blood at the lung

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2
Q

what is internal respiration

A

gasses must be exchanged between blood and tissue cells

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3
Q

what are the main organs for external respiration in adult vertebrates?

A

gills or lungs

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4
Q

characterize the gills of cartilaginous fish vs bony fish

A

cartilaginous fish- 5-10 sets of gill slits
bony fish- have an operculum that covers gills

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5
Q

how does water move through the gills of cartilaginous fish vs bony fish

A

cartilaginous fish- ram ventilation pushes water through the gills
bony fish- swallow water and push through their gills

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6
Q

what is an operculum and what is its function

A

a gill cover that bony fish have to cover the gill slits for protection

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7
Q

how does the swim bladder develop

A

derived from an outpouching of the digestive tube. It contains gas to help fish maintain depth without floating or sinking

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8
Q

which groups have a swim bladder

A

bony fish have a swim bladder, reptiles, amphibians, birds, and mammals do not

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9
Q

what is the pneumatic duct

A

connection between esophagus and swim bladder

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10
Q

what is the principal role of the swim bladder

A

to maintain buoyancy

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11
Q

characterize the larynx of tetrapods below mammals

A

mammals and reptiles have vocal folds to produce sounds
birds do not have this instead they produce sounds from the bottom of the trachea

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12
Q

what is the epiglottis

A

lid coving the larynx during swallowing in mammals

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13
Q

what is the function of the trachea

A

allow passage of inspired and expired air into and out of the lungs

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14
Q

what are cartilaginous rings and what are their functions

A

a strong flexible c shaped tissue that supports the trachea

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15
Q

what are bronchi? Which groups have a syrinx?

A

bronchi have large tubes that connect the trachea to the left and right lungs. birds have a syrinx

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16
Q

where is the syrinx and what is its function

A

it is located at the caudal end of the trachea and it is a second voice box

17
Q

characterize the lungs if amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals

A

amphibians- bidirectional buccal pump
reptiles- bidirectional, aspiration pump
birds- cross current unidirectional flow, air sac system
mammals- bidirectional, aspiration pump

18
Q

which groups have air sacs and what are the functions

A

birds; they serve as internal compartments which hold air and facilitate internal air passage to allow birds to have a continuous flow of large volumes of air through the lungs

19
Q

how does air move through the avian respiratory system? what is the advantage?

A

birds have small lungs and nine air sacs the air sacs permit a unidirectional flow of air they breathe is “fresh” and has a higher o2 concentration which gives them the advantage of having more oxygen diffuse into the blood

20
Q

how does air flow through the mammalian respiratory system

A

after it enters the trachea it gets spread out by the bronchi to the alveoli then the oxygen diffuses into the bloodstream and mammals have bidirectional breathing

21
Q

what is the role of the diaphragm in mammalian respiration

A

involved in breathing “aspirational” pump it contracts and relaxes to move air into the lungs

22
Q

crosscurrent fish

A

the air carrying the oxygen is moving through the respiratory structures (parabronchi), which are positined perpendicular to the movement of blood around the parabronchi

23
Q

crosscurrent birds

A

within parabrachial lungs
unidirectional flow at an oblique angle

24
Q

why don’t cartilaginous fish need a swim bladder

A

they are less dense than bony fish

25
what animals have lungs
adult amphibians reptiles birds mammals
26
what is needed for cutaneous respiration
moist amphibians thin keratin is mainly used to diffuse co2 out
27
accessory organs for birds
air sacs
28
dog shark respiration path
mouth- internal gills- parabrachial cavity- external gills
29
in dogfish sharks the mouth and spiracle are involved in respiration
then oxygen travels to the h20 transpasive- oral cavity- pharynx- then gills
30
frog four stage ventilation
1- buccal cavity increase in size 2-glottis opens 3-nares close 4-glottis closes and lungs fill