Endocrine System Flashcards
Explain why the endocrine system is so closely related to the nervous system.
The nervous system uses chemical messengers sent by the endocrine system to transmit instructions around the body via the nervous system to key organs
Distinguish between an endocrine gland and an exocrine gland.
endocrine- secrete to blood stream
exocrine- secrete to ducts
Define the term hormone and explain its general characteristics
chemical substances that act as a messenger molecules in the body
Distinguish between a steroidal and non-steroidal hormone, in terms of composition and action
steroidal-inactivate genes- more lipids
nonsteroidal- active genes- amino acids
Name the three endocrine glands (see above) that are actually divided into two endocrine
glands with different functions
pituitary, adrenal, and thyroid
Define the term gonadotropin
hormone that stimulates activity in gonads
gonadotropins secreted by the anterior pituitary
FSH and LH
what does FSH do
males- stimulates maturation of sperm in the testis
females- maturation of ovarian follicle and ovum
What does LH do
male- secretion of testosterone
female- ovulation
Explain how the posterior pituitary gland does not produce hormones but does secrete them
it is continuous with the nerve fibers of the hypothalamus the PPG stores hormones until it is stimulated to release them
Name the gland that requires iodine to produce most of its hormones.
thyroid
Describe how calcium levels are maintained in the blood.
parathyroid increases calcium and calcitonin decreases calcium levels
Name the two hormones that work together to regulate water and electrolyte levels in the blood and therefore regulate blood pressure.
aldosterone and cortisol
Describe how glucose levels are maintained in the blood.
insulin decreases sugar levels and glucagon increase levels
Explain why the thymus gland decreases in size as we age.
most immunity cells are produced in infancy and childhood so the thymus shrinks as its function declines
Name the gland (hormone) whose production is stimulated by sunlight.
pineal (melatonin)
male gonads
testes
male gonad hormones
FSH LH and testosterone
female gonads
ovaries
female gonad hormones
estrogen, fsh, lh, progesterone, and oxytocin
TRH is
thyrotropin releasing hormone, it targets the thyroid and triggers TSH and comes from the hypothalamus
PRH is
prolactin-releasing hormone, it targets the mammary gland and triggers prolactin and comes from the hypothalamus
PIH is
prolactin inhibitory hormone, it targets the mammary gland and inhibits the release of prolactin and comes from the hypothalamus
CRH is
corticotropic releasing hormone, it targets the adrenal gland and triggers acth release and comes from the hypothalamus
GnRH is
gonadotropin-releasing hormone, it targets ovary and testis and it triggers lh and fsh and comes from the hypothalamus
GHRH is
growth hormone-releasing hormone, it targets bone and muscle, it triggers GH and comes from the hypothalamus
ss is
somatostatin, it targets bone and muscle, it inhibits GH and comes from the hypothalamus
TSH is
thyroid stimulation hormone, it targets the thyroid, triggers the release of hormones and is from the ant pit
PRL is
prolactin, it targets the mammary gland, it triggers milk production and is from the ant pit
ACTH is
adrenocorticotropic hormone, targets the adrenal cortex, it triggers the release of cortisol and androgens and is from the ant pit
LH is
luteinizing hormone targets the testis and ovaries it triggers the menstrual cycle and makes testosterone its from the ant pit
FSH is
follicle-stimulating hormone, it targets the testis and ovaries, it triggers the menstrual cycle and testicular growth and its from the ant pit
GH is
growth hormone, it targets bone and muscle, it triggers growth and its from the ant pit
MSH is
melanocyte-stimulating hormone it targets the skin and its from the ant pit
OT is
oxytocin, it targets myoepithelial cells and breast, it lowers BP and cortisol levels it comes from the post pit
ADH is
antidiuretic hormone, it targets the kidneys and helps produce less urine, it comes from the post pit
aldosterone affects
the kidneys colon and more, it triggers the increased absorption of na and k, and its from the adrenal- glomerulosa
cortisol affects
the liver and muscles, it increases blood glucose and is from the adrenal- fasiculata
t3 and t4 affect
weight, energy, temp, skin hair and more and it comes from the thyroid
calcitonin affects the
bones and it triggers the activity of osteoclasts and blood calcium and its from the thyroid
PTH is
parathyroid hormone it increases blood calcium levels and is from the parathyroid
insulin
decreases blood glucose and is from the pancreas
glucagon
decreases blood glucose from the pancreas
estrogen affects the
primary sex characteristics and is from the ovary
progesterone increases
the glandular secretion and is from the ovary
testosterone affects
secondary sex characteristic and increses protein synthesis and is from the testis
melatonin
makes you tired and is from the pineal gland
the thymus produces
thymulin and thymosin which regulate immune cells
