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comparative anatomy > Integument > Flashcards

Integument Flashcards

1
Q

Four primary tissue types

A

Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

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2
Q

Epithelial tissue is grouped according to

A

1- number of layers
Simple (single), stratified (multi), pseudo stratified (single but appears multi)
2- morphology
Squamous (flat), cuboidal (cube), columnar ( rectangular), transitional relaxed ( cuboidal), stretched ( squamous)

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3
Q

The epidermis comes from the

A

Ectoderm

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4
Q

The lining of the cardiovascular system comes from

A

Mesoderm

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5
Q

The lining of the respiratory, urogenital and gastrointestinal tract comes from

A

The endoderm

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6
Q

Epithelial glands

A

Exocrine - ducts
Endocrine- release product into blood

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7
Q

types of loose connective tissue

A

Areolar CT
Adipose tissue
Reticular tissue

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8
Q

Dense connective tissue types

A

Dense regular CT
dense irregular CT
Elastic CT

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9
Q

Areolar connective tissue has _______

A

Fibrocytes

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10
Q

areolar tissue has _____ and ______ fibers

A

collagen; elastic

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11
Q

areolar tissue is found in the _____ layer

A

papillary layer

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12
Q

Adipose tissue has

A

Adipocytes

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13
Q

adipose tissue has cells filled with _______

A

lipids

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14
Q

adipose tissue has almost no ______

A

maxtrix

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15
Q

Reticular tissue has some _______

A

fibroblasts

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16
Q

reticular tissue is mainly _____ _____

A

blood cells

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17
Q

Reticular tissues has _______ fibers

A

reticular

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18
Q

Dense regular CT has

A

Fibroblasts

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19
Q

dense regular CT has _______ _______ fibers

A

parallel collagen

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20
Q

dense regular ct has some _________ fibers

A

elastic

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21
Q

Dense regular ct has ________ but mostly _____

A

tendons; ligaments

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22
Q

dense regular ct has not much _______ substance

A

ground

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23
Q

dense regular tissue ha a _____ _____ supply

A

small blood

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24
Q

Dense irregular CT has ______

A

Fibroblasts

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25
Q

Dense irregular CT has irregular ______ _____

A

collagen fibers

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26
Q

Dense irregular CT has some ______ _____

A

elastic fibers

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27
Q

Dense irregular CT is in the

A

dermis

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28
Q

Dense irregular CT _______ of organs

A

capsules

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29
Q

Elastic connective tissue has

A

Fibroblasts

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30
Q

Elastic connective tissue is well _______

A

organized

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31
Q

Elastic connective tissue is mainly _______ _____

A

elastic fibers

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32
Q

Elastic connective tissue is the walls of ______ arteries

A

elastic

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33
Q

What is a fibroblast

A

A cell that contributes to the formation of connective tissue.

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34
Q

Fluid connective tissue has many ______ ____ _____

A

Red blood cells

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35
Q

Fluid connective tissue has _____ _____ ____

A

white blood cell

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36
Q

Fluid connective tissue has ______

A

platelets

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37
Q

Fluid connective tissue has _____ _____

A

lymph node

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38
Q

Cartilage is ________ and ______

A

A vascular ; a neural

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39
Q

Cartilage has _______ and ______ fibers

A

Collagen ; elastic

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40
Q

What are chondrocytes

A

Mature cartilage cells

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41
Q

Types of cartilage

A

Hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

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42
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

Most common, forms most skeletal bone prior to ossification, articulate ends of long bones, Chondral part of ribs, tracheal rings, parts of skull

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43
Q

Elastic cartilage has ______ _______

A

Elastic fibers (found in auricle, epiglottis )

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44
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Stronger, resists compression, locations ( intervertebral discs, menisci, pubic symphysis)

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45
Q

Excitable tissues types

A

Muscle and nervous

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46
Q

Muscle tissue types

A

Skeletal, smooth, cardiac

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47
Q

Nervous tissue has _______ and _______

A

Neurons (nerve cell), neuroglia ( supporting cells)

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48
Q

Muscle tissue origin

A

Mesoderm

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49
Q

Nervous tissue origin

A

Ectoderm

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50
Q

Integument

A

Large organ, protective barrier, thermo regulation, osmoregulation, pigments protect form UV

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51
Q

Dermis ( true skin)

A

Thick, inner layer, from mesoderm, has blood and nerve supply, nourishes epidermis

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52
Q

Epidermis

A

Thin, outer layer, from ectoderm, avascular and aneural, mostly dead cells, new cells from stratum basale

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53
Q

Dermal bones are the

A

Plates of bones, intramembranous ossification, forms flat bones of skull, true horns

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54
Q

Dermal scales

A

Bony scales

55
Q

Chromatophores

A

Give color to pigmented skin, found in reptiles, amphibians, fish

56
Q

Epidermal scales

A

Keratin deposits, horny scales

57
Q

Epidermis makes (external anatomy)

A

hair feathers, nails, claws, and hooves

58
Q

Reptiles and amphibians shed the

A

Epidermis

59
Q

Avians molt their

A

Feathers

60
Q

Sensory receptors and most glands reside in the

A

Dermis

61
Q

Blood vessels are in the

A

Dermis

62
Q

Keratinizaton and keratinocytes are found in the

A

Epidermis

63
Q

Exocrine ducts from the exocrine gland run through the

A

Epidermis

64
Q

Hair follicles have a

A

Epidermal sheath

65
Q

Layers of the epidermis

A

Stratum corneum, Stratum granulosum, Stratum spinosum, stratum basale

66
Q

Stratum basale

A

Has actively dividing cells, melanocytes and tactile epithelial cells, meeker cells

67
Q

Stratum spinosum

A

Keratinocytes joined by desmosomes, contains pre-keratin, dendritic cells

68
Q

Stratum granulosum

A

Dying cells that releases lipids, contains keratohyalin granules

69
Q

Papillary layer

A

Touch receptors, free nerve endings dermal papillae attach to epidermis

70
Q

Reticular layer

A

Free nerve endings, lamellar corpuscle, hair root plexus

71
Q

Glands

A

Sebaceous glands, eccrine (watery secretions), apocrine ( water protein and fat)

72
Q

Integument of fish
Stratum compactum

A

Most have a non-keratinized epidermis
Typically living epidermis
Cell division in multi layers

73
Q

Fish Integument
Epidermis covered in

A

mucous

74
Q

Dermal scales develop from

A

Dermal bone which is often covered with enamel, and dentin

75
Q

Amphioxus epidermis

A

Mucous on surface layer, need to remain moist, helps laminar flow of water

76
Q

Amphioxus dermis

A

Orderly collagen fibers, structural support, maintains flexibility

77
Q

Hagfish and lampreys have

A

No dermal bone, no scales

78
Q

Hagfish and lampreys have _______ glands

A

Unicellular (granular cells and club cells)

79
Q

Hagfish and lampreys have organized

A

Dermis (layers of fibrous connective tissue)

80
Q

Hagfish have ______ cells

A

Tread ( release mucous)

81
Q

Sharks have no

A

Dermal bone so they have placoid scales that project through the epidermis

82
Q

Bony fish have

A

Dermal scales, chromatophores, unicellular glands (club cells) epidermal secretory cells and repost scales

83
Q

Types of bony fish scales

A

Placoid, cosmoid, ganoid, cycloid

84
Q

Amphibians have

A

No dermal scales, leydig cells, exocrine cells (mucus and poison glands) cutaneous respiration

85
Q

Reptiles have a ______ outer layer

A

Keratinized

86
Q

Reptiles have ______ mucus glands

A

Less

87
Q

Reptiles have ______ glands

A

Scent

88
Q

Reptiles have ______ scales

A

Epidermal; so they lack enamel, dentin and bone. There is a flexible hinge

89
Q

A scute is a

A

Large flats scale like in turtles

90
Q

Reptiles have ______ glands

A

Exocrine (mucus and poison)

91
Q

Reptiles undergo ______ which is the molting of skin

A

Ecdysis ( this produces new stratum granulosum and stratum corneum)

92
Q

Birds have ______ scales on their legs

A

Epidermal

93
Q

Birds molt their

A

Feathers

94
Q

Birds have keratinized ______ ______

A

Stratum corneum

95
Q

Birds have a Uropygial gland that is located

A

At the base of the tail, it secretes lipids and proteins

96
Q

Types of bird feathers

A

Contour, flight, down

97
Q

Contour feathers cover the

A

Body ( rachis- central shaft, barbs- contain interlocking barbules and calamus-quill)

98
Q

Flight feathers are

A

Long

99
Q

Down feathers are for

A

Insulation (lack barbs and rachis)

100
Q

Mammals have chromatophores which secrete _______

A

melanin

101
Q

Mammals have mermen cells which

A

Are mechanoreceptors

102
Q

Mammals have langerhan cells which

A

Mediate cell immunity

103
Q

True horns have

A

Horny hard epidermis covering bone and thick stratum corneum layer

104
Q

Antlers have

A

Detachable bone covered with soft Integument, abscission line between pedi Le and coronet of antler

105
Q

Rinos horn is made of

A

Keratin

106
Q

Giraffes have a

A

Bony extension covered with soft Integument

107
Q

Sebaceous glands

A

Produce oil ( not on palms and soles)

108
Q

Eccrine glands produce

A

Watery secretions and they are not found near hair follicles

109
Q

Apocrine glands secrete

A

The thick lipid fluid

110
Q

Sweat glands are found mainly in

A

Humans fro thermoregulation

111
Q

Hair matrix contains

A

Germinal keratinocytes

112
Q

The dermal papillae

A

Regulates mitosis rate of matrix

113
Q

Three layers of hair

A

Medulla (innermost), cortex (surrounds medulla), cuticle (outermost, thin, protective)

114
Q

Hair shaft

A

Projects from surface

115
Q

Hair root

A

portion encased in the follicle

116
Q

Hair bulb

A

Widened base of the root

117
Q

Hair follicle

A

Sheathe surrounding hair root

118
Q

Unguis

A

Nail claw or hoof

119
Q

Only primates have

A

Nails

120
Q

Cats typically have retractable

A

Claws

121
Q

Cheetahs and foxes have

A

Semi-retractable claws

122
Q

Raptors have ________ other birds have _____

A

Talons ; claws

123
Q

Horses pigs hippos etc have

A

Hooves

124
Q

Nail matrix

A

Stratum basale with germinal cells

125
Q

Nail bed

A

Stratum basale, but just attachment

126
Q

Hyponychium

A

Area under free edge

127
Q

Eponychium

A

Cuticle

128
Q

Lunule

A

Proximal region of nail

129
Q

Nail plate

A

Attached keratinized portion

130
Q

(Hoof) stratum externum

A

Thin outer layer extending down wall

131
Q

(Hoof) stratum medium

A

Thickest middle layer

132
Q

(Hoof) stratum internum

A

Innermost layer interdigitates with dermal laminae

133
Q

Laminitis

A

Inflammation that causes separation between epidermal and dermal laminae

134
Q

Baleen of a whale

A

No bone, keratinized epidermis used as strainer for krill

comparative anatomy (17 decks)

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