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comparative anatomy > Exam 2 Study Guide > Flashcards

Exam 2 Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of the axial skeleton

A

Skull, vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, ribs

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2
Q

Characterize the “vertebral column” of Agnathans

A

It’s not a vertebral column it is a notochord

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of the cervical region of the vertebral column of amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals?

A

Amphibians- only one cervical vertebra
Reptiles- 7 cervical vertebrae
Birds- variable am out of cervical vertebrae
Mammals- 7 cervical vertebrae

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4
Q

What is the axis and atlas

A

The atlas is the first vertebrae and the axis is the second

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5
Q

What are the functions of the atlas and axis

A

The axis supports the cl which carries and rotates the head

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6
Q

What groups possess an atlas and axis

A

Birds, mammals, and reptiles

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7
Q

What is the transverse foramen and what is it purpose

A

It is a opening in the vertebrae that is occupied by vertebral veins and arteries

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8
Q

Which vertebrae have a transverse process

A

Cervical vertebral

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9
Q

What is the sacrum, and synsacrum

A

The sacrum is a triangular bone made up of five sacral vertebrae; the synsacrum is an elongated sacrum in birds

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10
Q

What is the pygostyle, coccygeal

A

The pygostyle is a triangular plate formed of caudal vertebrae; the coccygeal is a small triangle shaped bone made of coccygeal bone.

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11
Q

What are vertebral ribs, eternal ribs, and floating ribs?

A

Vertebral ribs are ribs that only attach at the vertebrae and cartilage; sternal ribs are ribs that attach at the sternum; and floating ribs do not attach to the breast bone at all

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12
Q

Which groups possess a sternum

A

Birds mammals and amphibians

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13
Q

What are the functions of the sternum

A

Protect heart, lungs, and blood supply
Stability of the thoracic cage

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14
Q

What is the keel and which groups possess sternums with a keel

A

And extension of the sternum; birds

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15
Q

What is the function of the keel

A

Acts as an anchor for wing muscles

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16
Q

What are the components of the appendicular skeleton

A

Pectoral and pelvic girdle, lower and upper limbs

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17
Q

Which groups of vertebrates lack an appendicular skeleton

A

Agnathans, snakes and come lizards

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18
Q

What is the function of the pectoral girdle

A

Structural support of the shoulder

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19
Q

What were the components of the pectoral girdle in early fishes and how has that changed in later body fishes

A

In early fish the pectoral girdle was attached to the skull and no longer does

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20
Q

What general changes have occurred in the pectoral girdle of tetrapods

A

Was attached to the skull but move posteriorly forming a true neck

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21
Q

What are the components of the mammalian pectoral girdle

A

Scapula and paired clavicles

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22
Q

What is the function of the pelvic girdle

A

Transfer weight of upper body to the lower limb when sitting and provide attachment points for muscle that help 2/ locomotion and posture

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23
Q

What is the structure of the pelvic girdle of fishes

A

Puboischial bar

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24
Q

What are the components of the tetrapod pelvic girdle? What is the acetabulum, pubic symphysis?

A

Ilium, ischium, pubis; large socket for head of femur; a joint in between left and right pubic bone

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25
What is the marsupial bone?
Also known as the epipubic bone, it supports mouth ears pouch in modern marsupials
26
What is the main function of fins
Swimming, balance and stability
27
What is the patella
Bone at the from of the knee joint
28
What is skeletal muscle, striated muscle, smooth muscle, involuntary muscle, cardiac muscle
Skeletal- muscle that connects to your bones and allows you to perform a wide range of motion striated- generate force and contract in order to support respiration, locomotion, and posture Smooth- muscle that shows no cross stripes under microscope magnification Involuntary- muscle that connects w/o conscious control Cardiac- muscle of the heart
29
What is somatic and visceral muscle
Somatic- skeletal muscle Visceral- muscle tissue found in internal organs
30
What are axial muscles, appendicular muscles, branchiomeric muscles
Axial- muscles of the tail, trunk, and eyeballs Appendicular- muscles of the upper and lower arm Branchiomeric subset of head muscles
31
What is a tendon
Fibrous connective tissue- attaches muscle to bone
32
What is a fascia
Tissue that encases organs muscles and bones
33
What are myosepta, myomeres
Septa- thin layers of connective tissue Meres- blocks of skeletal muscle
34
What six characteristics are used in naming muscles
Shape, size, fiber direction, location, number of origins, and its action
35
What is the línea alba
Thin band of connective tissue that runs down the Fron of your abdomen
36
What are the three long bundles of epaxial muscles
- transversospinalis -longissimus -ilicostalis
37
What is metamerism
Linear series of body segments
38
Which groups exhibit metamerism
Annelida, Arthropoda, chordata
39
Epicranius
Location- covers cranium Actions- elevates eyebrows
40
Fronalis, occipitalis
Location- over forehead Action- elevates eyebrows
41
Orbicularis oris
Location- circular muscle around mouth Action-closes lips
42
Zygomaticus major and minor
Location- muscles that connects zygomatic arch to corner of mouth Action-elevates corners of mouth
43
Buccinator
Location- hollow of cheek Action-compresses cheeks
44
Platysma
Location-lower border of mandible Action- pouting muscle
45
Orbicularis oculi
Location-circular muscle around eye Action- closes eye
46
Masseter
Location- over lateral mandible Action- elevates mandible
47
Temporalis
Location- convergent muscle over temporal bone Action- elevates mandible
48
Sternocleidomastoid
Location-major neck muscle Action- flexion of head toward chest, rotation p/ abduction of head
49
Erector spinae
Location- group of midline dorsum muscles Action-maintain posture
50
Trapezius
Location- trapezoid shaped muscle in posterior neck and upper back Action-elevates pectoral girdle
51
Pectoralis minor
Location- muscle deep to pectoralis major Action- scapula fixator
52
Serratus anterior
Location-saw- toothed lateral thoracic muscle Action-scapula fixator
53
Pectoralis major
Location- large convergent chest muscle and Action- flexes arm medially ( pull arms forward together)
54
Latissimus dorsi
Location- large back muscle Action- adduction of humerus
55
Deltoid
Location- triangular shaped shoulder muscle Action- abduction of humerus
56
Biceps brachii
Location- fusiform, parallel, anterior upper arm Action- flexion of arm at elbow
57
Brachialis
Location- muscle beneath biceps brachii Action- flexion of arm at elbow
58
Brachioradialis
Location- lateral muscle between upper and forearm Action- flexion of arm at elbow
59
Triceps brachii
Location- posterior upper arm muscle Action- extension of arm at elbow
60
Flexor carpi radialis
Location- anterior, lateral forearm muscle Action- flexion of wrist
61
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Location- anterior medial forearm muscle Action- flexion of wrist
62
Palmaris longus
Location- anterior forearm muscle located between flexor carpi radialis/ ulnaris Action- flexion of wrist
63
Extensor digitorum
Location- posterior forearm muscle Action- extension of wrist/fingers
64
Muscles of facial expressions
Epicranius, frontalis, occipitalis, Orbicularis oris, Zygomaticuts major and minor, buccinator, platysma, Orbicularis oculi
65
Muscles of mastication
Masseter, temporalis
66
Muscles that move the head and vertebral column
Sternocleidomastoid, erector spinae
67
Move pectoral girdle
Trapezius, pectoralis minor, serratus anterior
68
Muscles that move the arm
Pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, deltoid
69
Muscles that move the forearm
Biceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis, triceps brachii
70
Muscles that move the hand
Flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, llamaría longus, extensor digitorum

comparative anatomy (17 decks)

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