Exam 2 Study Guide Flashcards
What are the components of the axial skeleton
Skull, vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, ribs
Characterize the “vertebral column” of Agnathans
It’s not a vertebral column it is a notochord
What are the characteristics of the cervical region of the vertebral column of amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals?
Amphibians- only one cervical vertebra
Reptiles- 7 cervical vertebrae
Birds- variable am out of cervical vertebrae
Mammals- 7 cervical vertebrae
What is the axis and atlas
The atlas is the first vertebrae and the axis is the second
What are the functions of the atlas and axis
The axis supports the cl which carries and rotates the head
What groups possess an atlas and axis
Birds, mammals, and reptiles
What is the transverse foramen and what is it purpose
It is a opening in the vertebrae that is occupied by vertebral veins and arteries
Which vertebrae have a transverse process
Cervical vertebral
What is the sacrum, and synsacrum
The sacrum is a triangular bone made up of five sacral vertebrae; the synsacrum is an elongated sacrum in birds
What is the pygostyle, coccygeal
The pygostyle is a triangular plate formed of caudal vertebrae; the coccygeal is a small triangle shaped bone made of coccygeal bone.
What are vertebral ribs, eternal ribs, and floating ribs?
Vertebral ribs are ribs that only attach at the vertebrae and cartilage; sternal ribs are ribs that attach at the sternum; and floating ribs do not attach to the breast bone at all
Which groups possess a sternum
Birds mammals and amphibians
What are the functions of the sternum
Protect heart, lungs, and blood supply
Stability of the thoracic cage
What is the keel and which groups possess sternums with a keel
And extension of the sternum; birds
What is the function of the keel
Acts as an anchor for wing muscles
What are the components of the appendicular skeleton
Pectoral and pelvic girdle, lower and upper limbs
Which groups of vertebrates lack an appendicular skeleton
Agnathans, snakes and come lizards
What is the function of the pectoral girdle
Structural support of the shoulder
What were the components of the pectoral girdle in early fishes and how has that changed in later body fishes
In early fish the pectoral girdle was attached to the skull and no longer does
What general changes have occurred in the pectoral girdle of tetrapods
Was attached to the skull but move posteriorly forming a true neck
What are the components of the mammalian pectoral girdle
Scapula and paired clavicles
What is the function of the pelvic girdle
Transfer weight of upper body to the lower limb when sitting and provide attachment points for muscle that help 2/ locomotion and posture
What is the structure of the pelvic girdle of fishes
Puboischial bar
What are the components of the tetrapod pelvic girdle? What is the acetabulum, pubic symphysis?
Ilium, ischium, pubis; large socket for head of femur; a joint in between left and right pubic bone
What is the marsupial bone?
Also known as the epipubic bone, it supports mouth ears pouch in modern marsupials
What is the main function of fins
Swimming, balance and stability
What is the patella
Bone at the from of the knee joint
What is skeletal muscle, striated muscle, smooth muscle, involuntary muscle, cardiac muscle
Skeletal- muscle that connects to your bones and allows you to perform a wide range of motion
striated- generate force and contract in order to support respiration, locomotion, and posture
Smooth- muscle that shows no cross stripes under microscope magnification
Involuntary- muscle that connects w/o conscious control
Cardiac- muscle of the heart
