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Embryology (old) Flashcards

1
Q

there are two poles that are in the yolk they are names

A

animal pole ( less yolk) and vegatal pole ( more yolk)

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2
Q

What is a blastomere

A

a single cell following mitotic division

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3
Q

what is a Morula

A

multiple blastomeres are connected in most mammals its typically between 16-32 blastomeres. ( blastocoel has not formed yet)

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4
Q

Blastocyte or Blastula is

A

a morula that has changed to have a blastocoel cavity

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5
Q

What is a Trophoblast

A

A layer of cells surrounding a blastocoel

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6
Q

what is a blastocoel

A

Internal cavity

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7
Q

types of cleavage/ yolk concentrations

A

Holoblastic meroblastic and discoidal

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8
Q

holoblastic celavage completes

A

cell division (regardless of pole)

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9
Q

holoblastic has ______ eggs ( which includes amphioxus and eutherian mammals

A

microlecithal

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10
Q

holoblastic has ______ eggs ( which includes lampreys amphibians and some fish)

A

mesolecithal

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11
Q

meroblastic has

A

macroleathal eggs

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12
Q

Discoidal have extreme

A

meroblastic

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13
Q

Discoidal have _______ eggs which include hagfish, Osteichthyes reptiles birds and monotremes

A

macrolecithal

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14
Q

a group of cells that form germinal layers is called a

A

blastoderm

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15
Q

the three germinal layers are called

A

ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

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16
Q

hagfish, chondrichthyes and modern bony fish have a _______ membrane

A

viteline

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17
Q

What is a periblast

A

a layer of cells surrounding yolk

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18
Q

Monotremes have a _________ ________ and a ________

A

Macrolecithal discoidal ; Blastoderm

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19
Q

Marsupials have ___________ and _______

A

no distinct morula stage and protoderm

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20
Q

Eutherian mammals have a ___ ____ ___ and _____-_____

A

Inner cell mass ; Trophoblast-nourishment

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21
Q

in human gastrulation the formation of _____ ______ occur

A

germ layers

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22
Q

in human gastrulation ______ starts first

A

trophoblast cells differentiate into cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast

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23
Q

in human gastrulation the _______ _____ appears at start

A

primitive streak

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24
Q

human gastrulation
cells from the superficial layer migrate to deep layer ______ deep cells

A

displacing

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25
human gastrulation superficial cells that migrate become
endoderm
26
human gastrulation superficial cells that migrate to the middle layer become
mesoderm
27
human gastrulation superficial cells that remain there become
ectoderm
28
in human gastrulation the coelom forms at the end of
neurulation
29
__________ and __________ can occur simultaneously
Grastrulation and neurulation
30
Gastrulation is the
Formation of endodermal tube and Gastrocoel- primitive gut cavity surrounded by endoderm
31
Neurulation is the
- formation of ectodermal - neural tube- primitive central nervous system - neurocoel- cavity surrounded by ectoderm
32
gastrulation is the
rearrangement of cells, and formation of germ layers
33
Neurulation is the formation of the ______ tube
neural
34
Neurulation is the formation of
Notochord ( mesoderm) and neural plate (ectoderm)
35
Primary neurulation is
Neural plate folds to form circular neural tube and is in most chordates
36
Secondary neurulation
Neural keel Cavitation results in neurocoel formation and is in lampreys and modern bony fish
37
Types of movement in gastrulation
Invagination, epiboly, involution, delamination, and ingression
38
Invagination
Wall of cells fold inward
39
invagination occurs in
amphioxus
40
invagination results in ___ layers of cells
2 ectoderm- outer layer endomesoderm- inner layer
41
gastrocoel is the
early gut cavity
42
Epiboly
Cells move across the outer surface as a group
43
Involution
Cells move inward and spread over inner surface
44
Delamination
Laminate means sheets, so sheets of cells separates into layers that are parallel
45
Ingression
Individual cells move inward
46
ingression results in 2 layers of cells
ectoderm (outer layer) and endomesoderm (inner layer)
47
Gastrulation and neurulation in lampreys involution
movement of surface cells causes indentation
48
Gastrulation and neurulation in lampreys dorsal lip
becomes edge of blastophore
49
Gastrulation and neurulation in lampreys epiboly
groups of surface cells move to lip
50
Gastrulation and neurulation in lampreys Endomesoderm
formed as surface cells flow internally over dorsal lip
51
Gastrulation and neurulation in lampreys blastopore
external opening of gastrocoel
52
Gastrulation and neurulation in lampreys enterocoelic coelom
formation similar to amphioxus
53
Gastrulation and neurulation in lampreys schizocoelic coelom
formed when mesoderm splits producing the opening
54
Gastrulation and neurulation in lampreys neural keel
solid mass of ectoderm
55
Gastrulation and neurulation in lampreys dorsal lip
becomes edge of blastopore
56
Gastrulation and neurulation in lampreys Epiboly
groups of surface cells move to lip
57
Sharks and bony fish gastrulation early formation of
the yolk sac
58
Gastrulation and neurulation in lampreys schizocoelic coelom
formed when mesoderm splits producing the opening
59
sharks and bony fish gastrulation blastoderm spreads over
yolk
60
sharks and bony fish gastrulation chordomesoderm produces
notochord
61
sharks and bony fish gastrulation embryonic shield
thickening of endomesoderm
62
sharks and bony fish gastrulation periblast
layer of cells surrounding yolk
63
sharks and bony fish gastrulation schizocoely
mesoderm splits to form coelom
64
Amphibian gastrulation
indentation, epiboly of surface cells, involution
65
Amphibian gastrulation chordomesoderm
from endomesoderm (forms notochord)
66
Amphibian gastrulation schizocoely
coelom formed by splitting of mesoderm
67
Amphibian Neurulation forms the
neural plate, groove, tube
68
Reptiles ______ _____ more oval in reptiles
Primitive streak
69
Reptiles migrating cells
replace and disperse deeper cells
70
Reptiles germ layers named following ______ ______
migration process
71
reptiles have a
blastopore
72
Bird Gastrulation migrating cells
replace and disperse deeper cells
73
Bird Gastrulation primitive node
raised group of cells in primitive streak
74
Bird Gastrulation epiblast cells migrate through groove to replace
hypoblast cells
75
Bird Gastrulation germ layers named following migration
ectoderm- remaining superficial cells endoderm- replaced deeper layer of cells mesoderm- in the middle
76
bird neurulation formation of
neurual tube
77
bird neurulation schizocoelic
coelom
78
Mammals all three form
primitive streak
79
Mammals rolling of neural plate forms
neural tube
80
Monotreme mammals germinal layers form after
blastoderm surrounds yolk
81
Monotreme mammals neural plate
thickened ectoderm
82
Monotreme mammals mesoderm formed as cell flow through
primitive streak
83
Marsupial mammals the _______ stage is missing
blastula
84
mammals neurulation
primitive streak, migrating cells, epiboly, involution, notochord from ectoderm, rotation causes formation of neural tube from neural plate
85
extraembryonic membranes chorion
fuses with other membranes chorioallantoic- reptiles and birds chorioamnionic- mammals
86
extraembryonic membranes amnion
mesodermal orgin diesctly surrounds developing embryo
87
extraembryonic membranes allantois
endodermal origin , develops from hindgut, source of umbilical blood vessels in mammals, precursor to urinary bladder
88
extraembryonic membranes yolk sac
provides nutrition site for blood cell formation in mammals
89
tissue origins ectoderm 1
epidermis
90
tissue origins ectoderm 2
neural plate
91
tissue origins ectoderm 3
central nervous system
92
tissue origins ectoderm 4
neural crest
93
tissue origins ectoderm 5
peripheral nervous system
94
tissue origins mesoderm 1
Somite (dermatome, myotome, sclerotome)
95
tissue origins mesoderm 2
Nephrotome (kidney, urogenital ducts)
96
tissue origins mesoderm 3
Somatic hypomere ( appendages, peritoneum, gonads)
97
tissue origins mesoderm 4
splanchnic hypomere (heart and blood vessels, mesenteries, extraembryonic membranes)
98
tissue origins Endoderm 1
Foregut (pharynx, esophagus, lung buds)
99
tissue origins Endoderm 2
midgut (stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, intestines)
100
tissue origins Endoderm 3
Hindgut (allantois, bladder, cloaca)

comparative anatomy (17 decks)

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