Digestive System Study Questions

Question 1

What are the three divisions of the embryonic vertebrate digestive tract

Answer 1

Foregut, midgut, hindgut

Question 2

how and my is the oral cavity of mammals specialized

Answer 2

the cheeks are very muscular and it is specialized for the sucking of milk and mastication

Question 3

How is it known that vertebrate teeth are derived from the “dermal armor” of early
vertebrates?

Answer 3

the dental armor of early vertebrates are placoid scales which are primarily dentin surrounded by enamel. the same as teeth

Question 4

What are the main constituents of teeth?

Answer 4

enamel and dentin

Question 5

What is homodont dentition & which groups exhibit such dentition?

Answer 5

homodont means the same type of teeth, this includes dogfish shark and amphibians

Question 6

What is heterodont dentition & which groups exhibit such dentition?

Answer 6

heterodont teeth are different types of teeth and humans exhibit this

Question 7

What are the various types of teeth found in groups that exhibit heterodont dentition & what is
the general function of each type of tooth?

Answer 7

incisor-cutting
canines- piercing and tearing
premolar/molars- macerating

Question 8

What is the primary tongue & which groups possess such a tongue?

Answer 8

the tongue is immovable; dogfish sharks, mudpuppy

Question 9

Characterize the tongues of amphibians

Answer 9

amphibians
- primary tongue
- glandular field

Question 10

Characterize the tongues of reptiles

Answer 10

reptiles
- primary tongue
- glandular field
- lateral lingual swellings

Question 11

Characterize the tongues of birds

Answer 11

birds
- reduced lateral lingual swellings
- lack of intrinsic muscles

Question 12

Characterize the tongues of mammals

Answer 12

mammals
- glandular field
- lateral lingual swellings

Question 13

What is the frenulum?

Answer 13

piece of soft tissue that runs in a thin line between the tongue and bottom of the mouth

Question 14

What are the various functions of vertebrate tongues? (7)

Answer 14

capture/ gather food, taste, manipulate bolus, swallowing, tthermo regulation, grooming
in humans speech

Question 15

What types of secretions are produced by oral glands & what are the functions of those
secretions

Answer 15

enzymatic secretions used to break down food

Question 16

What is the pharynx?

Answer 16

a passageway that extends from the base of the skull to the level of C6; carries air food and water

Question 17

What is the glottis, epiglottis?

Answer 17

the glottis is a slit leading to the pharynx made for swound production; the epiglottis- a flap that blocks the glottis during swallowing

Question 18

Which groups possess an epiglottis & what is its function?

Answer 18

a flap that blocks the glottis during swallowing, mammals

Question 19

What is the function of the esophagus?

Answer 19

distensible muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach

Question 20

What is the crop & which groups have such a structure?

Answer 20

a crop is a scape in the esophagus that temporarily holds food bids have this

Question 21

What is “pigeon milk” & how is it formed?

Answer 21

sloughing of fluid-filled cells from the lining of the crop, its produced by the increased production of the hormone prolactin

Question 22

What is(are) the function(s) of the vertebrate stomach?

Answer 22

holds hydrates liquifies and macerates food
protein digestion

Question 23

Characterize the stomach of cyclostomes

Answer 23

cyclostomes- weakly developed similar to esophagus

Question 24

Characterize the stomach of amphibians

Answer 24

amphibians and reptiles- increased specialization and differentiation

Question 25

Characterize the stomach of reptiles

Answer 25

amphibians and reptiles- increased specialization and differentiation

Question 26

Characterize the stomach of birds

Answer 26

birds- two-part stomach (proventriculus and gizzard)

Question 27

Characterize the stomach of mammals

Answer 27

mammals- well developed

Question 28

What are the components & functions of the avian stomach?

Answer 28

proventriculus- glandular stomach gizzard- muscular stomach

Question 29

What are the components of the ruminant stomach?

Answer 29

rumen reticulum omasum and abomasum

Question 30

What is the function of the rumen

Answer 30

it acts as a holding vat

Question 31

What is the function of the reticulum

Answer 31

collect small digestion particles and move them to the omasum

Question 32

what is the function of the omasum

Answer 32

absorbs water and other substances

Question 33

what is the function of the abomasum

Answer 33

produces hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes to help with absorption

Question 34

Characterize the intestine of fish, tetrapods.

Answer 34

straight short spiral valve

Question 35

Which groups have a spiral valve & what is its function?

Answer 35

increase surface area for better absorption of nutrients; cartilaginous fish

Question 36

What is the duodenum, jejunum, ileum?

Answer 36

order of small intestines after stomach

Question 37

What is(are) the role(s) of the liver, gall bladder, & pancreas in digestion?

Answer 37

-liver- make and secrete bile -gall bladder- store bile to digest fat pancreas- makes enzymes to break down proteins, fatty acids, and simple sugars

Question 38

Which groups have a large intestine?

Answer 38

mudpuppies and mammals

Question 39

What is the colon, rectum?

Answer 39

colon- the lg intestine from the ileocolic junction to the rectum rectum- last section of the intestine that stores feces

Question 40

What is a cecum & what is the function of such a structure?

Answer 40

first part of the large intestine; absorption of water

Question 41

Which groups have ceca associated with their digestive tracts & where are ceca located?

Answer 41

fish, tetrapods; lower right quad

Question 42

Which groups have a cloaca & what is its function?

Answer 42

amphibians, reptiles, birds, sharks, and monotremes serves as opening for digestive, urinary, and reproductive tract

Question 43

what is a coelom

Answer 43

an extensive body cavity lined with mesoderm

Question 44

what is parietal peritoneum

Answer 44

like wall paper

Question 45

what is visceral peritoneum

Answer 45

skin of an apple to an apple

Question 46

thoracic

Answer 46

pleura

Question 47

abdominal

Answer 47

peritoneum

Question 48

heart

Answer 48

pericardium

Question 49

shark have two compartments called

Answer 49

pericardial and pluroperitoneal which is separated by the transverse septum

Question 50

the greater omentum extends from the

Answer 50

dorsal body wall to the surface of the stomach

Question 51

the mesentery proper supports the entire length of the

Answer 51

intestine to posterior body wall

Question 52

the mesocolon supports

Answer 52

the rectum to the dorsal wall

Question 53

the falciform ligament

Answer 53

liver to ventral wall

Question 54

the lesser omentum

Answer 54

liver to stomach/duodenum

Question 55

the hepatoduodenal ligament

Answer 55

liver to duodenum

Question 56

the pulmonary ligament

Answer 56

lung to thoracic wall

Question 57

sharks mesorchium

Answer 57

testes to dorsal body wall

Question 58

sharks mesovarium

Answer 58

ovaries to dorsal body wallsh

Question 59

sharks mesotubarium

Answer 59

oviduct to dorsal body wall

Question 60

the mudpuppy and the bullfrog are similar to the

Answer 60

dogfish shark

Question 61

what is the parietal pleura

Answer 61

the outer layer of the sac around the lungs

Question 62

what is the visceral pleura

Answer 62

the inner layer of the sac that covers the lungs

Question 63

what is the mediastinum

Answer 63

space in the chest that holds the heart and other important structures

Question 64

what is the parietal pericardium

Answer 64

the outer layer of the pericardium which is a sac that surrounds the heart

Question 65

what is the visceral pericardium

Answer 65

inner membrane of the pericardial sac

Question 66

what is the parietal peritoneum

Answer 66

a serous membrane covering the inner surface of the abdominopelvic cavity

Question 67

what is the visceral peritoneum

Answer 67

inner layer of skin wrapping around the abdominal organs

Question 68

what is the falsiform ligament

Answer 68

connects the left and right liver lobes to the ventral body wall

Question 69

what is the round ligament

Answer 69

the thick free region of falciform

Question 70

what is the coronary ligament

Answer 70

connects the liver to the diaphragm

Question 71

what is the alimentary canal

Answer 71

highway carrying food yielding chemical products to support the energy needs of an organism

Question 72

what is the function of the alimentary canal

Answer 72

breakdown of food to molecules mechanically and chemically food

Question 73

what is the sharks pharynx specialized to do

Answer 73

it extends from the spiracle to the opening of the esophagus

Question 74

describe the sharks intestines

Answer 74

there is a duodenum and a valvual intestines

Question 75

sharks specializations of the alimental canal

Answer 75

spiral valve of intestines

Question 76

functions of sharks liver include

Answer 76

stores oil for buoyancy 3 lobes (left, right, and median) produces bile

Question 77

mudpuppy teeth

Answer 77

homodont

Question 78

mudpuppy tongue

Answer 78

primary tongue

Question 79

mudpuppy pharynx

Answer 79

passage for food and air glottis to cover the pharynx leads to esophagus

Question 80

mudpuppy esophagus

Answer 80

short- pharynx to stomach slight fold in the wall

Question 81

mudpuppy stomach

Answer 81

relatively straight with rugae

Question 82

mudpuppy intestines

Answer 82

sm- duodenum, jejunum, ilium for absorption lg- water absorption

Question 83

mudpuppy cloaca

Answer 83

coprodeum- anus uroderium- urinary and genitalia

Question 84

mudpuppy liver

Answer 84

not lobed

Question 85

mudpuppy pancreas

Answer 85

fused lobes w/ pancreatic ducts

Question 86

bird and reptile teeth

Answer 86

some have teeth most have beaks

Question 87

bird and reptile tongues

Answer 87

muscular and mobile like mammals lingual folds and frenulum

Question 88

bird and reptile pharynx

Answer 88

transport for prey caught by bills or mouths to esophagus

Question 89

bird and reptile esophagus

Answer 89

crop for food storage

Question 90

bird and reptile stomach

Answer 90

proventriculus- true stomach produces enzymes gizzard- contains pebbles to crush

Question 91

bird and reptile oral glands

Answer 91

vomernasal organ- retrieves pharamones of prey some may have poison glands

Question 92

bird and reptile liver

Answer 92

similar to humans

Question 93

bird and reptile pancreas

Answer 93

similar to mammals

Question 94

mammals teeth

Answer 94

heterodont

Question 95

mammals tongue

Answer 95

muscular movable

Question 96

mammal pharynx

Answer 96

passage for food liquid and air

Question 97

mammal esophagus

Answer 97

connect pharynx to stomach

Question 98

mammal stomach

Answer 98

mechanical and chemical digestion

Question 99

mammal intestines

Answer 99

sm- duodenum, jejunum, ilium lg- cecum, colon (ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid)

Question 100

foregut fermenters

Answer 100

digestion of cellulose is centered in or near a specialized stomach, allows rechewing and more mechanical breakdown of cell walls

Question 101

hindgut fermenters

Answer 101

distant and cecal fermentation of cellulose