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comparative anatomy > Digestive System Study Questions > Flashcards

Digestive System Study Questions Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three divisions of the embryonic vertebrate digestive tract

A

Foregut, midgut, hindgut

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2
Q

how and my is the oral cavity of mammals specialized

A

the cheeks are very muscular and it is specialized for the sucking of milk and mastication

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3
Q

How is it known that vertebrate teeth are derived from the “dermal armor” of early
vertebrates?

A

the dental armor of early vertebrates are placoid scales which are primarily dentin surrounded by enamel. the same as teeth

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4
Q

What are the main constituents of teeth?

A

enamel and dentin

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5
Q

What is homodont dentition & which groups exhibit such dentition?

A

homodont means the same type of teeth, this includes dogfish shark and amphibians

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6
Q

What is heterodont dentition & which groups exhibit such dentition?

A

heterodont teeth are different types of teeth and humans exhibit this

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7
Q

What are the various types of teeth found in groups that exhibit heterodont dentition & what is
the general function of each type of tooth?

A

incisor-cutting
canines- piercing and tearing
premolar/molars- macerating

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8
Q

What is the primary tongue & which groups possess such a tongue?

A

the tongue is immovable; dogfish sharks, mudpuppy

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9
Q

Characterize the tongues of amphibians

A

amphibians
- primary tongue
- glandular field

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10
Q

Characterize the tongues of reptiles

A

reptiles
- primary tongue
- glandular field
- lateral lingual swellings

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11
Q

Characterize the tongues of birds

A

birds
- reduced lateral lingual swellings
- lack of intrinsic muscles

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12
Q

Characterize the tongues of mammals

A

mammals
- glandular field
- lateral lingual swellings

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13
Q

What is the frenulum?

A

piece of soft tissue that runs in a thin line between the tongue and bottom of the mouth

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14
Q

What are the various functions of vertebrate tongues? (7)

A

capture/ gather food, taste, manipulate bolus, swallowing, tthermo regulation, grooming
in humans speech

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15
Q

What types of secretions are produced by oral glands & what are the functions of those
secretions

A

enzymatic secretions used to break down food

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16
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

a passageway that extends from the base of the skull to the level of C6; carries air food and water

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17
Q

What is the glottis, epiglottis?

A

the glottis is a slit leading to the pharynx made for swound production; the epiglottis- a flap that blocks the glottis during swallowing

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18
Q

Which groups possess an epiglottis & what is its function?

A

a flap that blocks the glottis during swallowing, mammals

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19
Q

What is the function of the esophagus?

A

distensible muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach

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20
Q

What is the crop & which groups have such a structure?

A

a crop is a scape in the esophagus that temporarily holds food bids have this

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21
Q

What is “pigeon milk” & how is it formed?

A

sloughing of fluid-filled cells from the lining of the crop, its produced by the increased production of the hormone prolactin

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22
Q

What is(are) the function(s) of the vertebrate stomach?

A

holds hydrates liquifies and macerates food
protein digestion

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23
Q

Characterize the stomach of cyclostomes

A

cyclostomes- weakly developed similar to esophagus

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24
Q

Characterize the stomach of amphibians

A

amphibians and reptiles- increased specialization and differentiation

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25
Q

Characterize the stomach of reptiles

A

amphibians and reptiles- increased specialization and differentiation

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26
Q

Characterize the stomach of birds

A

birds- two-part stomach (proventriculus and gizzard)

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27
Q

Characterize the stomach of mammals

A

mammals- well developed

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28
Q

What are the components & functions of the avian stomach?

A

proventriculus- glandular stomach
gizzard- muscular stomach

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29
Q

What are the components of the ruminant stomach?

A

rumen reticulum omasum and abomasum

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30
Q

What is the function of the rumen

A

it acts as a holding vat

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31
Q

What is the function of the reticulum

A

collect small digestion particles and move them to the omasum

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32
Q

what is the function of the omasum

A

absorbs water and other substances

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33
Q

what is the function of the abomasum

A

produces hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes to help with absorption

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34
Q

Characterize the intestine of fish, tetrapods.

A

straight short spiral valve

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35
Q

Which groups have a spiral valve & what is its function?

A

increase surface area for better absorption of nutrients; cartilaginous fish

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36
Q

What is the duodenum, jejunum, ileum?

A

order of small intestines after stomach

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37
Q

What is(are) the role(s) of the liver, gall bladder, & pancreas in digestion?

A

-liver- make and secrete bile
-gall bladder- store bile to digest fat
pancreas- makes enzymes to break down proteins, fatty acids, and simple sugars

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38
Q

Which groups have a large intestine?

A

mudpuppies and mammals

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39
Q

What is the colon, rectum?

A

colon- the lg intestine from the ileocolic junction to the rectum
rectum- last section of the intestine that stores feces

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40
Q

What is a cecum & what is the function of such a structure?

A

first part of the large intestine; absorption of water

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41
Q

Which groups have ceca associated with their digestive tracts & where are ceca located?

A

fish, tetrapods; lower right quad

42
Q

Which groups have a cloaca & what is its function?

A

amphibians, reptiles, birds, sharks, and monotremes
serves as opening for digestive, urinary, and reproductive tract

43
Q

what is a coelom

A

an extensive body cavity lined with mesoderm

44
Q

what is parietal peritoneum

A

like wall paper

45
Q

what is visceral peritoneum

A

skin of an apple to an apple

46
Q

thoracic

A

pleura

47
Q

abdominal

A

peritoneum

48
Q

heart

A

pericardium

49
Q

shark have two compartments called

A

pericardial and pluroperitoneal which is separated by the transverse septum

50
Q

the greater omentum extends from the

A

dorsal body wall to the surface of the stomach

51
Q

the mesentery proper supports the entire length of the

A

intestine to posterior body wall

52
Q

the mesocolon supports

A

the rectum to the dorsal wall

53
Q

the falciform ligament

A

liver to ventral wall

54
Q

the lesser omentum

A

liver to stomach/duodenum

55
Q

the hepatoduodenal ligament

A

liver to duodenum

56
Q

the pulmonary ligament

A

lung to thoracic wall

57
Q

sharks
mesorchium

A

testes to dorsal body wall

58
Q

sharks
mesovarium

A

ovaries to dorsal body wallsh

59
Q

sharks
mesotubarium

A

oviduct to dorsal body wall

60
Q

the mudpuppy and the bullfrog are similar to the

A

dogfish shark

61
Q

what is the parietal pleura

A

the outer layer of the sac around the lungs

62
Q

what is the visceral pleura

A

the inner layer of the sac that covers the lungs

63
Q

what is the mediastinum

A

space in the chest that holds the heart and other important structures

64
Q

what is the parietal pericardium

A

the outer layer of the pericardium which is a sac that surrounds the heart

65
Q

what is the visceral pericardium

A

inner membrane of the pericardial sac

66
Q

what is the parietal peritoneum

A

a serous membrane covering the inner surface of the abdominopelvic cavity

67
Q

what is the visceral peritoneum

A

inner layer of skin wrapping around the abdominal organs

68
Q

what is the falsiform ligament

A

connects the left and right liver lobes to the ventral body wall

69
Q

what is the round ligament

A

the thick free region of falciform

70
Q

what is the coronary ligament

A

connects the liver to the diaphragm

71
Q

what is the alimentary canal

A

highway carrying food yielding chemical products to support the energy needs of an organism

72
Q

what is the function of the alimentary canal

A

breakdown of food to molecules mechanically and chemically food

73
Q

what is the sharks pharynx specialized to do

A

it extends from the spiracle to the opening of the esophagus

74
Q

describe the sharks intestines

A

there is a duodenum and a valvual intestines

75
Q

sharks specializations of the alimental canal

A

spiral valve of intestines

76
Q

functions of sharks liver include

A

stores oil for buoyancy
3 lobes (left, right, and median)
produces bile

77
Q

mudpuppy teeth

A

homodont

78
Q

mudpuppy tongue

A

primary tongue

79
Q

mudpuppy pharynx

A

passage for food and air
glottis to cover the pharynx
leads to esophagus

80
Q

mudpuppy esophagus

A

short- pharynx to stomach
slight fold in the wall

81
Q

mudpuppy stomach

A

relatively straight with rugae

82
Q

mudpuppy intestines

A

sm- duodenum, jejunum, ilium for absorption
lg- water absorption

83
Q

mudpuppy cloaca

A

coprodeum- anus
uroderium- urinary and genitalia

84
Q

mudpuppy liver

A

not lobed

85
Q

mudpuppy pancreas

A

fused lobes w/ pancreatic ducts

86
Q

bird and reptile teeth

A

some have teeth most have beaks

87
Q

bird and reptile tongues

A

muscular and mobile like mammals
lingual folds and frenulum

88
Q

bird and reptile pharynx

A

transport for prey caught by bills or mouths to esophagus

89
Q

bird and reptile esophagus

A

crop for food storage

90
Q

bird and reptile stomach

A

proventriculus- true stomach produces enzymes
gizzard- contains pebbles to crush

91
Q

bird and reptile oral glands

A

vomernasal organ- retrieves pharamones of prey
some may have poison glands

92
Q

bird and reptile liver

A

similar to humans

93
Q

bird and reptile pancreas

A

similar to mammals

94
Q

mammals teeth

A

heterodont

95
Q

mammals tongue

A

muscular movable

96
Q

mammal pharynx

A

passage for food liquid and air

97
Q

mammal esophagus

A

connect pharynx to stomach

98
Q

mammal stomach

A

mechanical and chemical digestion

99
Q

mammal intestines

A

sm- duodenum, jejunum, ilium
lg- cecum, colon (ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid)

100
Q

foregut fermenters

A

digestion of cellulose is centered in or near a specialized stomach, allows rechewing and more mechanical breakdown of cell walls

101
Q

hindgut fermenters

A

distant and cecal fermentation of cellulose

comparative anatomy (17 decks)

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