Digestive System Study Questions Flashcards
What are the three divisions of the embryonic vertebrate digestive tract
Foregut, midgut, hindgut
how and my is the oral cavity of mammals specialized
the cheeks are very muscular and it is specialized for the sucking of milk and mastication
How is it known that vertebrate teeth are derived from the “dermal armor” of early
vertebrates?
the dental armor of early vertebrates are placoid scales which are primarily dentin surrounded by enamel. the same as teeth
What are the main constituents of teeth?
enamel and dentin
What is homodont dentition & which groups exhibit such dentition?
homodont means the same type of teeth, this includes dogfish shark and amphibians
What is heterodont dentition & which groups exhibit such dentition?
heterodont teeth are different types of teeth and humans exhibit this
What are the various types of teeth found in groups that exhibit heterodont dentition & what is
the general function of each type of tooth?
incisor-cutting
canines- piercing and tearing
premolar/molars- macerating
What is the primary tongue & which groups possess such a tongue?
the tongue is immovable; dogfish sharks, mudpuppy
Characterize the tongues of amphibians
amphibians
- primary tongue
- glandular field
Characterize the tongues of reptiles
reptiles
- primary tongue
- glandular field
- lateral lingual swellings
Characterize the tongues of birds
birds
- reduced lateral lingual swellings
- lack of intrinsic muscles
Characterize the tongues of mammals
mammals
- glandular field
- lateral lingual swellings
What is the frenulum?
piece of soft tissue that runs in a thin line between the tongue and bottom of the mouth
What are the various functions of vertebrate tongues? (7)
capture/ gather food, taste, manipulate bolus, swallowing, tthermo regulation, grooming
in humans speech
What types of secretions are produced by oral glands & what are the functions of those
secretions
enzymatic secretions used to break down food
What is the pharynx?
a passageway that extends from the base of the skull to the level of C6; carries air food and water
What is the glottis, epiglottis?
the glottis is a slit leading to the pharynx made for swound production; the epiglottis- a flap that blocks the glottis during swallowing
Which groups possess an epiglottis & what is its function?
a flap that blocks the glottis during swallowing, mammals
What is the function of the esophagus?
distensible muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach
What is the crop & which groups have such a structure?
a crop is a scape in the esophagus that temporarily holds food bids have this
What is “pigeon milk” & how is it formed?
sloughing of fluid-filled cells from the lining of the crop, its produced by the increased production of the hormone prolactin
What is(are) the function(s) of the vertebrate stomach?
holds hydrates liquifies and macerates food
protein digestion
Characterize the stomach of cyclostomes
cyclostomes- weakly developed similar to esophagus
Characterize the stomach of amphibians
amphibians and reptiles- increased specialization and differentiation
Characterize the stomach of reptiles
amphibians and reptiles- increased specialization and differentiation
Characterize the stomach of birds
birds- two-part stomach (proventriculus and gizzard)
Characterize the stomach of mammals
mammals- well developed
What are the components & functions of the avian stomach?
proventriculus- glandular stomach
gizzard- muscular stomach
What are the components of the ruminant stomach?
rumen reticulum omasum and abomasum
What is the function of the rumen
it acts as a holding vat
What is the function of the reticulum
collect small digestion particles and move them to the omasum
what is the function of the omasum
absorbs water and other substances
what is the function of the abomasum
produces hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes to help with absorption
Characterize the intestine of fish, tetrapods.
straight short spiral valve
Which groups have a spiral valve & what is its function?
increase surface area for better absorption of nutrients; cartilaginous fish
What is the duodenum, jejunum, ileum?
order of small intestines after stomach
What is(are) the role(s) of the liver, gall bladder, & pancreas in digestion?
-liver- make and secrete bile
-gall bladder- store bile to digest fat
pancreas- makes enzymes to break down proteins, fatty acids, and simple sugars
Which groups have a large intestine?
mudpuppies and mammals
What is the colon, rectum?
colon- the lg intestine from the ileocolic junction to the rectum
rectum- last section of the intestine that stores feces
What is a cecum & what is the function of such a structure?
first part of the large intestine; absorption of water
Which groups have ceca associated with their digestive tracts & where are ceca located?
fish, tetrapods; lower right quad
Which groups have a cloaca & what is its function?
amphibians, reptiles, birds, sharks, and monotremes
serves as opening for digestive, urinary, and reproductive tract
what is a coelom
an extensive body cavity lined with mesoderm
what is parietal peritoneum
like wall paper
what is visceral peritoneum
skin of an apple to an apple
thoracic
pleura
abdominal
peritoneum
heart
pericardium
shark have two compartments called
pericardial and pluroperitoneal which is separated by the transverse septum
the greater omentum extends from the
dorsal body wall to the surface of the stomach
the mesentery proper supports the entire length of the
intestine to posterior body wall
the mesocolon supports
the rectum to the dorsal wall
the falciform ligament
liver to ventral wall
the lesser omentum
liver to stomach/duodenum
the hepatoduodenal ligament
liver to duodenum
the pulmonary ligament
lung to thoracic wall
sharks
mesorchium
testes to dorsal body wall
sharks
mesovarium
ovaries to dorsal body wallsh
sharks
mesotubarium
oviduct to dorsal body wall
the mudpuppy and the bullfrog are similar to the
dogfish shark
what is the parietal pleura
the outer layer of the sac around the lungs
what is the visceral pleura
the inner layer of the sac that covers the lungs
what is the mediastinum
space in the chest that holds the heart and other important structures
what is the parietal pericardium
the outer layer of the pericardium which is a sac that surrounds the heart
what is the visceral pericardium
inner membrane of the pericardial sac
what is the parietal peritoneum
a serous membrane covering the inner surface of the abdominopelvic cavity
what is the visceral peritoneum
inner layer of skin wrapping around the abdominal organs
what is the falsiform ligament
connects the left and right liver lobes to the ventral body wall
what is the round ligament
the thick free region of falciform
what is the coronary ligament
connects the liver to the diaphragm
what is the alimentary canal
highway carrying food yielding chemical products to support the energy needs of an organism
what is the function of the alimentary canal
breakdown of food to molecules mechanically and chemically food
what is the sharks pharynx specialized to do
it extends from the spiracle to the opening of the esophagus
describe the sharks intestines
there is a duodenum and a valvual intestines
sharks specializations of the alimental canal
spiral valve of intestines
functions of sharks liver include
stores oil for buoyancy
3 lobes (left, right, and median)
produces bile
mudpuppy teeth
homodont
mudpuppy tongue
primary tongue
mudpuppy pharynx
passage for food and air
glottis to cover the pharynx
leads to esophagus
mudpuppy esophagus
short- pharynx to stomach
slight fold in the wall
mudpuppy stomach
relatively straight with rugae
mudpuppy intestines
sm- duodenum, jejunum, ilium for absorption
lg- water absorption
mudpuppy cloaca
coprodeum- anus
uroderium- urinary and genitalia
mudpuppy liver
not lobed
mudpuppy pancreas
fused lobes w/ pancreatic ducts
bird and reptile teeth
some have teeth most have beaks
bird and reptile tongues
muscular and mobile like mammals
lingual folds and frenulum
bird and reptile pharynx
transport for prey caught by bills or mouths to esophagus
bird and reptile esophagus
crop for food storage
bird and reptile stomach
proventriculus- true stomach produces enzymes
gizzard- contains pebbles to crush
bird and reptile oral glands
vomernasal organ- retrieves pharamones of prey
some may have poison glands
bird and reptile liver
similar to humans
bird and reptile pancreas
similar to mammals
mammals teeth
heterodont
mammals tongue
muscular movable
mammal pharynx
passage for food liquid and air
mammal esophagus
connect pharynx to stomach
mammal stomach
mechanical and chemical digestion
mammal intestines
sm- duodenum, jejunum, ilium
lg- cecum, colon (ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid)
foregut fermenters
digestion of cellulose is centered in or near a specialized stomach, allows rechewing and more mechanical breakdown of cell walls
hindgut fermenters
distant and cecal fermentation of cellulose
