respiratory system final Flashcards
upper respiratory tract is composed of
nose and nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, structures associated with the above
nose
the main conducting airway for inhaled air
another name for nostrils
external nares
roof of the nasal cavity is formed by
frontal bones, nasal bones, cribriform plate of the ethmoid, sphenoid bone
the floor of the nasal cavity is formed by
horizontal plate of the maxillae, horizontal portions of the palatine bones
vestibule
anterior region of the nasal cavity, near the nostrils
vibrissae
coarse hairs near the vestibule used to trap large particles
nasal septum
divides the nasal cavity into left and right portions
what forms the nasal septum
septal cartilage, perpendicular plate of the ethmoid, vomer bone
another name for conchae
turbinates
nasal cycle
alternating inactivation of one side of the nose
paranasal sinuses
paired air spaces in the skull
What are the paranasal sinuses
frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, maxillary
pharynx
common space used by both the respiratory and digestive systems
nasopharynx
superiormost region of the pharynx, lined with ciliated epithelium
auditory tubes
in the lateral walls of the nasopharynx and connect the nasopharynx to the middle ear so air pressure can be equalized behind the ear drum
pharyngeal tonsil
in the posterior nasopharynx, commonly called the adenoids
oropharynx
the middle pharyngeal region, is immediately posterior to the oral cavity
What passes through the oropharynx
both food and air
palatine tonsils
on the lateral wall of the oropharynx. the ones you can see in the mirror
lingual tonsils
at the base of the tongue
laryngopharynx
inferior, narrowed region of the pharynx. extends inferiorly from the hyoid bone and is continuous with the larynx and esophagus
Lower respiratory tract is made up of
larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and associated structures
Another name for larynx
voice box
larynx
a short, somewhat cylindrical airway that is bounded superiorly by the laryngopharynx and posteriorly by the esophagus and inferiorly by the trachea
functions of the larynx
passageway for air, prevent swallowed materials from entering the lower respiratory tract, sounds of speech, increases pressure in the abdominal cavity
valsalva maneuver
the epiglottis closes over the larynx so air cannot escape; simultaneously abdominal muscles contract to increase abdominal pressure
thyroid cartilage
forms only the anterior and lateral walls of the larynx
laryngeal prominence
Adam’s apple; V-shaped anterior projection of the thyroid cartilage
cricoid cartilage
ring-shaped, forms the inferior base of the larynx and connects to the trachea inferiorly
cricothyroid ligament
dense connective tissue band, attaches the cricoid cartilage to the inferior edge of the thyroid cartilage. is 4 fingers width above the sternal notch
cricothyrotomy
an emergency airway, sometimes opened in the larynx by making an incision through the cricothyroid ligment
what is the epiglottis formed by
elastic cartilage
vallecula
a little valley found at the base of the tongue and anterior to the base of the epiglottis
vestibular ligaments
the superior ligaments of the larynx
vestibular folds
vestibular ligaments and the mucous membrane covering them. known as the false vocal cords
vocal ligaments
inferior ligaments of the larynx.
vocal fold
vocal ligaments with the mucous membrane covering them. known as the true vocal cords
rima glottidis
the opening between the vocal folds
glottis
the rima glottidis plus the vocal folds
trachea
a flexible, slightly rigid tubular organ often referred to as the windpipe
What holds the open ends of each C-shaped piece of the trachea
the trachealis muscle and by elastic, ligamentous membrane
primary bronchi
at the level of the sternal angle, the trachea bifurcates into two smaller tubes
carina
an internal ridge formed by the most inferior tracheal cartilage separating the primary bronchi at the origin
bronchial tree
a highly branched system of air-conducting passages that originate from the left and right primary bronchi and progressively branch into narrower tubes as they diverge throughout the lungs before ending in the terminal bronchioles
hilum
the medial surface of the lung
secondary bronchi
branches of the primary bronchi
how many secondary bronchi does each lung have
right has three, left as two
tertiary bronchi
secondary bronchi branch into these even smaller bronchi
bronchioles
the smaller tubules that are no longer lined with cilia. have no irregular plates of cartilage in their walls
bronchoconstriction
smooth muscle contraction narrowing bronchioles
bronchodilation
smooth muscle relaxation dilating bronchioles
what does the respiratory portion of the respiratory system consist of
respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and pulmonary alveoli
respiratory bronchioles
smaller branches of terminal broncioles
alveolar ducts
smaller branches of respiratory bronchioles
alveolus
where gas exchange occurs. `
how many alveoli do the lungs contain
300-400 million
alveolar macrophages
migratory cells that continually crawl within the alveoli, engulfing microorganisms or particulate material that has reached the alveoli
pleura
lung outer surfaces and adjacent internal thoracic wall are lined by this serous membrane
bronchopulmonary segments
sections of each lung with their own tertiary bronchus, surrounded by connective tissue, and each with its own arterial and venous blood supply
bronchial circulation
a component of the systemic circulation and consists of tiny bronchial arteries and veins that supply the bronchi and bronchioles of the lung
bronchial arteries
branch from the anterior wall of the descending thoracic aorta and divide to form capillary beds to supply structures in the bronchial tree
bronchial veins
collect venous blood from the bronchial tree and drain into the azygous system of veins
pulmonary ventilation
breathing
what innervates the trachea bronchial tree, and lungs
autonomic nervous system
what is the main function of the sypathetic innervation
to open up and dilate the bronchioles
what is the main function of the parasymphatetic innervation
to decrease the airway diameter of teh bronchioles
Chronic obsturctive pulmonary disease
ephysema and chronic bronchitis
