Articulations: general features Flashcards
articulation
place of contact between bones, between bone and cartilage, or between bones and teeth
arthrology
scientific study of joints
Kinesiology
study of the functional relationship or biomechanics of the skeleton, joints, muscles, nerves
Fibrous joints
lack a joint cavity and are held together by dense (fibrous) connective tissue
Cartilaginous joints
lack a joint cavity and the bones are joined together by cartilage
Synovial joints
fluid-filled joint cavity that separates the articulating surfaces of the bones and these articulating surfaces are enclosed within a capsule and supported by ligaments
Synarthroses
immovable joints
Amphiarthroses
slightly movable joints
Diathroses
freely moveable joints
pseudoarthroses
false joints that occur when a fractured long bone heals i as two separate bones
What are the fibrous joints
Gomphoses, sutures, syndesmoses
Gomphoses
articulations of the roots of the individual teeth with the alveoli
What does gomphoses mean
bolt condition
periodontal ligaments
fibrous tissue around the tooth holding it into the alveoli
What does periodontal mean
around tooth
Another name for periodontal ligaments
periodontal membrane
Sutures
articulation of the flat bones of the skull
What does suture mean
seam
When do sutures form
about 15-24 months
Synostoses
bone on bone
syndesmoses
interosseous membrane between radius and ulna, tibia and fibula
What does syndesmoses mean
a fastening
What functional type of joint is a syndesmoses
Amphiarthroses (slight movement)
What functional type of joint is a suture
synarthroses (immoveable)
What functional type of joint is a gomphoses
Synarthroses (immoveable)
Synchondroses
joined together by hyaline cartilage
What functional type of joint is a synchondroses
synarthroses (immoveable)
What joints are synchondroses
Epiphyseal growth plates, costochondral articulations between most of the ribs
Symphyses
pad of fibrocartilage between the articulating bones
What does symphyses mean
growing together
What functional type of joint is a symphyses
amphiarthroses
What joints are symphyses
pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs
What are the cartilaginous joints
synchondroses, symphyses
What functional type of joint are synovial joints
diarthrotic
glenohumeral joint
shoulder joint
temporomandibular joint
jaw
tibiofemoral joint
knee
double-jointed
hypermobility
Marfan’s syndrome
genetic disorder of human connective tissue
What is affected by marfan’s syndrome
heart valves and aorta, lungs, eyes, dural sac surrounding the spinal cord, skeleton, and hard palate
What physical characteristics do people with marfan’s syndrome display
unusually tall, with long limbs and long, thin fingers
What causes marfan’s syndrome
misfolding of the protein fibrillin-1
Articular capsule
outer layer called the fibrous capsule and an inner layer called the synovial membrane
Fibrous capsule
dense connective tissue and it strengths the joint to prevent the bones from being pulled apart
synovial membrane
connective tissue and lines all parts of the joint cavity except for surfaces of the articulating bones
synovial fluid
viscous oily fluid that lubricates the articulating bones and their articular cartilage
joint cavity
space that contains a small amount of synovial fluid
What type of cartilage is articular cartilage
hyaline cartilage
ligaments
connect bone to bone
What does ligament men
bands or bandages
bursae
saclike structures that contain synovial fluid and are lined by a synovial membrane. help alleviate friction
Where are bursae found
between muscles or within an area where a tendon passes over a bone
tendon sheaths
modified, elongated bursae that wrap around a tendon to reduce friction
fat pads
distributed along the periphery of a synovial joint, and as a packing material and provide some protection for the joint
tendons
tendons attach muscle to bone
uniaxial
one plane
biaxial
two planes
multiaxial
two planes and can rotate
planar joints (gliding)
intercarpal joints, intertarsal joints, joints between the articulating processes of adjacent vertebrae
Hinge joints
uniaxial joints in which the convex surface of one articulating bone fits into a concave depression on the other bone (moves like the hinge of a door)
Examples of hinge joints
elbow, knee, ankle, between bones of fingers, metacarpophalangeal joint of finger #1
Pivot joints
uniaxial joints in which one articulating bone with a rounded surface fits into a ring formed by a ligament and another bone
Examples of pivot joints
proximal radioulnar joint, atlantoaxial joint
condyloid joints
biaxial joints with an oval, convex surface on one bone that articulates with a concave articular surface on the second bone of the joint
example of condyloid joints
knuckles, radiocarpal joint
Saddle joints
biaxial joints that have a concave surface in one direction and a convex surface in another
examples of saddle joints
first carpometacarpal joint (on the thumb), sternoclavicular joint, malleus and incus
ball-and-socket joints
multiaxial joints in which the spherical articulating head of one bone fits into the rounded socket of a second bone
Examples of ball-and-socket joints
hip joint, shoulder joint
Gliding
two opposing surfaces sliding back and forth or side to side
Example of gliding
carpals and tarsals
Angular motion
either increases or decreases the angle between two bones
Flexion
movement in an anterior-posterior plane of the body that decreases the angle between bones
examples of flexion
bending elbow, bending knee, bending fingers into fist, bending neck forward
extension
movement in an anterior-posterior plane that increases the angle between bones
Examples of extensions
straightening elbow, straightening knee, straightening the fingers, or extending the neck so it is straight up
hyperextension
extension of a joint beyond 180 degrees
opisthotonos
arching of the back due to muscle contraction. caused by tetanus
lateral flexion
trunk of body moves in a coronal plane away from the body
Abduction
move away, lateral movement of the body part away from the body midline
adduction
move toward, medial movement of a body part toward the body midline
circumduction
circular motion of distal part of body
Rotational motion
pivoting motion in which a bone turns on its own longitudinal axis
pronation
medial rotation of the forearm so that the palm of the hand is directed posteriorly
supination
lateral rotation of the forearm so that the palm of the hand is directed anteriorly
Depression
inferior movement of part of the body
Elevation
superior movement of part of the body
Dorsiflexion
ankle is ben such that the superior surface of the foot and toes move towards the head
plantarflexion
ankle is bent such that the toes move away from the head
Inversion
movement of the plantar surface inward or medially
eversion
movement of the plantar surface outward or laterally
protraction
movement of a body part anteriorly in a horizontal plane
retraction
posterior movement of a protracted body part so anatomic position is resumed
opposition
movement of the thumb toward the palm