Heart 4th exam Flashcards
cardiac output
the amount of blood pumped from one ventricle per minute
Cardiovascular system
heart and blood vessels
arteries
carry blood away from the heart
arterioles
smaller branches of arteries
veins
carry blood toward the heart
venules
small branches of veins
great vessels
arteries and veins entering and leaving the heart
Pulmonary circulation consists of
chambers of the right side (right atrium and right ventricle).
Pulmonary arteries
pumonary veins
Pulmonary arteries
convey poorly oxygenated blood to the lungs to eliminate carbon dioxide and to replenish oxygen
Pulmonary veins
convey blood containing relatively low amounts of carbon dioxide and high amounts of oxygen from the lungs to the left side of the heart for pumping to the systemic circulation
systemic circulation consists of
the chambers of the left side (left atrium and left ventricle)
all other named blood vessels that carry blood to all the peripheral organs and tissues of the body and then back to the heart
Aorta
the largest systemic artery in the body
Capillaries
smallest vessels. gas exchange in tissues occurs in capillaries
superior vena cava
superior blood vessel that drains blood into the right atrium
Inferior vena cava
Inferior blood vessel that drains blood into the right atrium
base
posteriosuperior surface of the heart, formed primarily by the left atrium
apex
inferior, conical end of the heart, projects slightly anteroinferiorly toward the left side of the body
pericardium
a fibrous sac with serous lining that contains the heart
fibrous pericardium
tough outer portion of dense connective tissue of the pericardium
serous pericardium
thin, double-layered, inner portion made of serous membrane of the pericardium
Parietal layer of serous membrane
lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium
Visceral layer
this layer is fused to the outer surface of the heart. also called the epicardium
pericardial cavity
thin potential space between the parietal and visceral layers of the pericardium. Is filled with serous fluid
inflammation of the pericardial cavity leads to what
cardiac tampnade
What is cardiac tamponade characterized by
pulsus paradoxus, jugular vein distention, and falling blood pressure
What are the three layers of the heart
epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
epicardium
outermost layer of the heart
myocardium
middle layer of the heart wall and is composed of cardiac muscle tissue
where do myocardial infarctions occur
in the myocardial layer of the heart
endocardium
inner surface of the heart and external surfaces of the heart valves. Its continuous with the endothelium, the lining of the blood vessels
atria
thin-walled chambers that are located superiorly
Auricle
anterior part of each atrium. Is a wrinkled, ear-like, flap-like extension
what do the atria recieve
blood returning to the heart through both circuits
Where does the right atrium receives blood
from the systemic circuit
Where does the left atrium receive blood
from the pulmonary circuit
Ventricles
the inferior chambers
what are the large arteries that exit the heart
pulmonary trunk and aorta
Pulmonary trunk
carries blood from the right ventricle into the pulmonary circuit
aorta
conducts blood from the left ventricle into the systemic circuit
what do valves do
allow blood to only travel in one direction and prevent back flow
what are valves lined with
endothelium
where is the fibrous skeleton of the heart located
between the atria and the ventricles, and is formed from dense irregular connective tissue
Where does the superior vena cava drain blood from
the head, neck, upper limbs, and the superior region of the trunk
where does the inferior vena cava drain blood from
the lower limbs and trunk
where does the coronary sinus drain blood from
the heart wall
interatrial septum
a thin wall between the right and left atria
fossa ovalis
an oval depression in the interatrial septum. occupies the former location of the foramen ovale
right atrioventricular valve
separates the right atrium from the right ventricle
another name for right atrioventricular valve
AV valve, tricuspid valve
Where does the right ventricle receive blood from
the right atrium
interventricular septum
thick wall between the right and left ventricles
trabeculae carneae
characteristic large, smooth, irregular muscular ridges on the internal wall surface of each ventricle
papillary muscles
three cone-shaped, muscular projections in the right ventricle which anchor thin strands of collagen fibers call chordae tendineae
chordae tendineae
attach to the lower surface of cusps of the right AV valve and prevent the valve from everting and flipping into the atrium when the right ventricle is contracting
pulmonary semilunar valve
at the superior end of the right ventricle which marks the end of the right ventricle and the entrance into the pulmonary trunk
pulmonary arteries
left and right divides of the pulmonary trunk. carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs
semilunar valves
located within the walls of both ventricles immediately before connection of the ventricle to the pulmonary trunk or aorta
What does a semilunar valve composed of
three thin, half-moon-shaped, pocket-like semilunar cusps
how many pulmonary veins are there
4
left atrioventricular valve
separates the left atrium from the left ventricle
another name for left atrioventricular valve
AV valve, bicuspid valve, mitral valve
How much thicker is the left ventricle wall than the right
three times thicker
Where are the trabeculae carneae more prominent
left ventricle
How many papillary muscles project from the left ventricle’s inner wall
2
Where do the left and right coronary arteries travel
in the coronary sulcus
what is the coronary sulcus
a deep groove between the atria and ventricles
What are the only branches of the ascending aorta
left and right coronary arteries
ischemia
characterized by inadequate supply of oxygen and blood to a part of the body
silent myocardial ischemia
painless
angia pectoris
agonizing
cardiac veins
collect deoxygenated blood and wastes from the myocardial capillaries
coronary sinus
a large vein that lies in the posterior aspect of the atrioventricular groove
Where does the coronary sinus drain
right into the right atrium
tachycardia
an abnormally increase heart rate, shortens diastole and reduces blood flow to the ventricular myocardium
hypotension
abnormally low blood pressure, can also reduce the ability of blood to flow through the ventricular myocardium
bradycardia
atypically slow heartbeat of less than 50 beats per minute
athlete’s bradycardia
beneficial adaptation resulting from a muscular heart, healthy circulatory system, and excellent lung capacity
foramen ovale
a hole that passes from the right atrium to the left atrium in the embryonic heart
Septum primum
a flap of tissue over the foramen ovale
patent foramen ovale
when the fossa ovalis fails to close properly
other names for patent foramen ovale
perforated fossa ovalis, atrial septal defect
