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Anatomy > Integumentary System > Flashcards

Integumentary System Flashcards

0
Q

Cutaneous layer

A

Skin

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1
Q

Integument

A

Skin

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2
Q

Integumentary system consists of:

A

Skin, nails, hair, skin glands

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3
Q

Homeostasis

A

Internal environmental balance

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4
Q

Dermatology

A

Scientific study and treatment of the Integumentary system

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5
Q

Integument tissues:

A

Epithelial tissue, connective tissue, vascular tissue, nervous tissue

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6
Q

Distinct layers of integument:

A

Epidermis, dermis (hypodermis is not actually apart of Integumentary system)

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7
Q

Deep to the dermis is what layer

A

Hypodermis or subcutaneous layer

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8
Q

Small population of immune cells in skin

A

Epidermal dendritic cells

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9
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

Blood vessels constricting

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10
Q

Vasodilation

A

Blood vessels dilate

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11
Q

Functions of integument

A

Protection, prevention of water loss, temperature regulation, metabolic regulation, sensory reception, excretion by means of secretion

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12
Q

Rickets

A

Softening and weakening of bones from lack of vitamin D

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13
Q

Layers of epidermis

A

Stratum Basale, stratum Spinosum, stratum Granulosum, stratum Lucidum, stratum Croneum

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14
Q

Types of cells in Stratum Basale:

A

Keratinocyte, Melanocyte, tactile (merkel)

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15
Q

Keratinocyte

A

Most abundant cell type in epidermis. Found throughout all the epidermal strata. Get their name from their ability to synthesize the protein keratin

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16
Q

Keratin

A

A family of fibrous structural proteins that are both tough and insoluble

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17
Q

Cytokeratin

A

Keratin found in epidermal cells

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18
Q

Melanocytes

A

Long branching processes and see scattered among the basal cells of the stratum Basale. Produce melanin

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19
Q

Melanin

A

Pigment in the skin

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20
Q

Tactile cells

A

Few in number and sedative to touch. Located in the stratum Basale.

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21
Q

Merkel cells

A

Few in number and sensitive to touch. Located in the stratum Basale. Also known as tactile cells

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22
Q

Epidermal dendritic cells

A

Small population of immune cells

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23
Q

Vitamin D is essential for the processing of what

A

Calcium and phosphorus

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24
Q

Excessive sunlight can lead to:

A

Suppressed immunity, skin damage, increased risk of cancer

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25
Q

The skin can detect

A

Heat, cold, touch, pressure, texture, and vibration

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26
Q

The skin eliminates waste products such as:

A

Water, salt, urea

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27
Q

Stratum germinativum

A

Stratum Basale and stratum Spinosum together

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28
Q

Stratum Spinosum contains what type of cells

A

Keratinocytes and phagoctic cells (epidermal dendritic cells

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29
Q

Stratum granulosum

A

Consists of 3 to 5 layers of Keratinocytes. The cells begin to die and fill up with keratin.

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30
Q

Keratinization

A

When Keratinocytes die and fill up with keratin

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31
Q

Stratum lucidum

A

Thin,clear region of two to three layers of flat dead cells. Only found on soles, palms, and lips

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32
Q

Stratum corneum

A

20 - 30 layers of flattened, dead, scale like cells which contain large amounts of Keratin. Most superficial layer

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33
Q

Cornification

A

After keratinization when cells become hard

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34
Q

How does a callus form?

A

Friction at the skin surface stimulates additional mitotic activity if the stratum Basale, resulting in thicker skin in that localized area

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35
Q

Where does tattooing occur?

A

Below stratum basale

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36
Q

What does thick skin not contain?

A

Hair follicles and sebaceous glands

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37
Q

What does thick skin contain?

A

Sweat glands

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38
Q

What does thin skin contain?

A

Sweat glands, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands

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39
Q

What contributes to skin color?

A

Melanin, hemoglobin, carotene

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40
Q

What does melanin protect?

A

DNA from UV light

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41
Q

Where is hemoglobin found?

A

In Erythrocytes

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42
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Red blood cells

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43
Q

What color is deoxygenated blood

A

Dark red or maroon

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44
Q

What does blood appear blue?

A

Subcutaneous fat absorbs low-frequency light; permitting only the highly energetic blue wavelengths to penetrate through to the dark vein

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45
Q

What is carotene?

A

The weakest of the skin pigments. It’s a yellow-orange pigment that is acquired by eating various yellow-orange vegetables.

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46
Q

Where does carotene normally accumulate?

A

Inside Keratinocytes of the stratum corneum and within the subcutaneous fat

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47
Q

What does carotene convert to?

A

Vitamin A

48
Q

Albinism

A

A lack of melanin production caused by an inherited recessive condition which an enzyme needed to synthesize melanin is nonfunctional, so privileged Melanocytes cannot produce melanin

49
Q

Vitiligo

A

Depigmentation of parts of the skin. It occurs when Melanocytes die or are unable to function. The cause of vitiligo is unknown, but research suggests that it may arise from autoimmune, genetic, oxidative stress, neural, or viral causes.

50
Q

Cyanosis

A

Caused by reduced oxygenation of hemoglobin in blood vessels. Skin turns blue

51
Q

Acrocyanosis

A

Cyanosis in the hands or extremities

52
Q

Pallor

A

Caused by a deficiency of erythrocytes, a deficiency of hemoglobin, or both

53
Q

Jaundice

A

Caused by the hemoglobin breakdown product bilirubin

54
Q

Erythema

A

Caused by increased blood in the dermis because of dilated blood vessels. Can be causd by sunburn, excess heat, emotions, or infections

55
Q

Postmortem lividity

A

When blood pools at the lowest point of the body 1 to 2 hours after death. Initially blanches when squeezed. After 8 hours will not blanch when squeezed.

56
Q

Livor mortis

A

When blood pools at the lowest point of the body 1 to 2 hours after death. Initially blanches when squeezed. After 8 hours will not blanch when squeezed.

57
Q

Dermis

A

Deeper and thicker layer than the epidermis

58
Q

Dermis has how many layers?

A
  1. Papillary layer and reticulatr layer
59
Q

What does the dermis do?

A

Nourish the living portion of the epidermis and the numerous supportive components of the skin

60
Q

What is contained within the dermis?

A

Collagen, vascular tissue, many epithelial glands, it’s extensively innervated, and has elastic fibers

61
Q

Papillary layer

A

Upper layer of the dermis

62
Q

Stratum papillarosum

A

Upper layer of the dermis

63
Q

Dermal papillae

A

Projections which extend from the upper layer of the dermis into the epidermis. They interlock with epidermal ridges

64
Q

Epidermal ridges

A

Deep inward projections of the epidermis

65
Q

What causes friction ridges?

A

The upward and downward waves of the papillary layer that contribute to friction ridges

66
Q

Does the papillary layer contain nerve endings?

A

Yes

67
Q

Reticular layer

A

The deeper major portion of the dermis and extends from the thin, overlying papillary layer to the underlying subcutaneous layer.

68
Q

Stratum reticularosum

A

The deeper major portion of the dermis and extends from the thin, overlying papillary layer to the underlying subcutaneous layer.

69
Q

Another word for Reticular layer is

A

Stratum reticularosum

70
Q

Reticular means?

A

Network. Referring to the mesh work of collagen and elastic fibers that contribute you the skins strength and elasticity

71
Q

Striae

A

Stretch marks

72
Q

Linea albincantes

A

Stretch marks

73
Q

Causes of striae

A

Rapid stretching of the Reticular layer. Pregnancy, teen growth spurts, excessive weight gain, and anabolic steroid use. It tears the collagen fibers

74
Q

Lines of cleavage

A

Linear orientation of collagen and elastic fibers in different regions of the body.

75
Q

Tension lines

A

Linear orientation of collagen and elastic fibers in different regions of the body.

76
Q

Causes of Linea albicantes

A

Rapid stretching of the Reticular layer. Pregnancy, teen growth spurts, excessive weight gain, and anabolic steroids

77
Q

Bed sores

A

Decubitus ulcers

78
Q

Decubitus ulcers

A

Bed sores

79
Q

What cause Decubitus ulcers?

A

Pressure cutting off blood circulation to boney parts of the body

80
Q

Subcutaneous therapeutic injection

A

Injection in the subcutaneous blood supply

81
Q

Liposuction

A

When a blunt hollow tube is roughly inserted into the subcutaneous layer so that fat can be auctioned out

82
Q

What does the hypodermis do?

A

Cushions, insulates, and helps regulate temperature

83
Q

What do nails do?

A

Serve to protect the digits and assist in grasping small objects.

84
Q

What forms nails?

A

Hardened, transparent, stratum corneum

85
Q

The cells that form the nails are?

A

Densely packed together and filled with parallel fibers of hard keratin

86
Q

Why do toenails grow slower than finger nails?

A

The blood supply to the toes is less than to the fingers

87
Q

Another word for hair?

A

Pili

88
Q

What is pili?

A

Hair

89
Q

Where is piling absent?

A

Sides and soles of the feet, the lips, the sides of the fingers and toes, and portions of the external genitalia

90
Q

Pilus

A

Single hair

91
Q

What is piling composed of?

A

Keratinized cells growing from a hair follicle that extends deep into the dermis, often projecting into the underlying subcutaneous layer.

92
Q

Where is hair produced?

A

Epidermal layer

93
Q

Hair bulb

A

Consists of epithelial cells and is a swelling at the base of the hair follicle where the hair originates

94
Q

Root

A

The remainder of the hair within the follicle but outside the bulb

95
Q

Shaft

A

The portion of the hair that extends beyond the skin surface

96
Q

Hair follicle

A

An oblique tube the that surrounds the hair. The follicle always extends into the dermis and sometimes into the subcutaneous layer. it has an inner sheath of epithelial cells

97
Q

Arrector pili muscles

A

Thin ribbons of smooth muscle extending from the connective tissue sheath around the hair follicle to the connective tissue of the dermal papillae.

98
Q

What do Arrector pili muscles do?

A

Arrector pili muscles contract pulling on the follicles, which elevates the hairs and cause “goose bumps”

99
Q

Functions of hair

A

Protection, heat retention, facial expression, sensory reception, visual identification, chemical signal dispersal

100
Q

Hairs help disperse what?

A

Pheromones

101
Q

What detects pheromones?

A

The vomeronasal organ in the human nose

102
Q

What determines hair color?

A

Hair color is determined by the type and amount of pigment produced in the stratum Basale cells at the base of the hair follicle

103
Q

What leads to darker hair?

A

More melanin

104
Q

What causes red hair?

A

A special iron based pigment

105
Q

What causes gray hair?

A

A gradual reduction of melanin

106
Q

What causes white hair?

A

A lack of pigment entirely

107
Q

What are the causes of hair loss?

A

Dietary deficiency, high fever, radiation, drugs, aging, genetics, or changes in hormone levels

108
Q

Where do the glands off the skin originate and where are they located?

A

They originate from the epidermal layer and they are located in the dermis

109
Q

Skin glands secrete substances through ducts, so they are called:

A

Exocrine glands

110
Q

Sweat glands are also called what?

A

Sudoriferous glands

111
Q

What are mammary glands?

A

Specialized Sudoriferous glands that secrete milk during lactation

112
Q

What are ceruminous glands?

A

Modified Sudoriferous glands that secretes cerumen

113
Q

What is cerumen

A

Earwax

114
Q

Cerumen contains what?

A

Lysozyme

115
Q

What does Lysozyme do!?

A

It’s an enzyme capable of destroying bacterial cells

116
Q

Another name for oil glands is?

A

Sebaceous glands.

117
Q

What is sebum?

A

An oily, waxy secretion on the surface of a hair follicle to keep the hair and skin supple

118
Q

Dandruff is caused by the test that belongs to the genera of

A

Pityrosporum or malassezia

Anatomy (21 decks)

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