Axial muscles

Question 1

Epicranius

Answer 1

occipitofrontalis muscle and galea aponeurotica

Question 2

Frontal belly of occipitofrontalis

Answer 2

Origin: frontal bone and skin of eyebrows

insertions: epicranial aponeurosis (galea aponeurotica)
action: moves the scalp, wrinkles forehead, and elevates the eyebrows

Question 3

Occipital belly of occipitofrontalis

Answer 3

Origin: superior nuchal line

insertion: epicranial aponeurosis (galea aponeurotica)
action: moves the scalp slightly posteriorly

Question 4

Orbicularis oris

Answer 4

First sphincter of alimentary canal
Origin: mandible and maxilla as well as fascia and fibers of other muscles
Insertion: skin of cheek and mandible
Action: pulls lower lip inferiorly, tenses skin of neck, and contributes to depression of the mandible

Question 5

Buccinator

Answer 5

Origin: alveolar processes of mandible and maxillae
Insertion: orbicularis oris
Action: compresses cheek, holds food between teeth during chewing, aids in sucking and blowing

Question 6

Facial nerve paralysis

Answer 6

Unilateral paralysis of the muscles of facial expression

Question 7

Idiopathic facial nerve paralysis

Answer 7

When the cause of facial nerve paralysis is unknown. Bell palsy

Question 8

Strabismus

Answer 8

when eyes are improperly aligned (lazy eye)

Question 9

Strabismic ambylopia

Answer 9

when a lazy eye loses visual acuity

Question 10

Causes of strabismus

Answer 10

Birth injuries, diseases localized to the eye or its bony orbit, improper attachment of extrinsic eye muscles, and heredity

Question 11

Temporalis

Answer 11

Origin: superior and inferior portions of temporal bone
Insertion: coronoid process of mandible
Action: elevates and retracts mandible

Question 12

Masseter

Answer 12

Origin: zygomatic arch
Insertion: lateral surface of coronoid process; lateral surface and angle of mandible
Action: elevates and retracts mandible; prime mover of jaw closure

Question 13

Medial and lateral pterygoid

Answer 13

Origin: pterygoid processes of sphenoid bone
Insertion: mandible
Action: elevate and protract the mandible and move it from side to side during chewing

Question 14

Tetanus

Answer 14

spastic paralysis caused by Clostridium tetani

Question 15

botulism

Answer 15

Potentially fatal muscular paralysis caused by Clostridium botulinum

Question 16

Sternocleidomastoid muscles

Answer 16

Andys favorite muscle
Origin: munibrium and sternal ends of clavicles
Insertion: mastoid processes of temporal bones
Action: When both contract, the head is pulled forward and down. when one contracts, it turns the head sideways in a direction opposite the side on which the contracting muscles is located

Question 17

Congenital muscular torticollis

Answer 17

Commonly known as wryneck. Newborn presents w/ a shortened and tightened sternocleidomastoid muscle. Often is accompanied by plagiocephaly

Question 18

Splenius capitus

Answer 18

origin: ligamentum nuchae
Insertion: Occipital bone and mastoid process of temporal bone
Action: When both contract it pulls the head back and extends and hyperextends the cervical vertebrae. When once contracts it turns the head sideways in a direction towards the same side on which the contracting muscle is located

Question 19

Semispinalis capitus

Answer 19

Origin: Seventh cervical vertebrae and first six thoracic vertebrae
Insertion: between the superior and inferior nuchal lines of the occipital bones
Action: When both contract it pulls the head back and extends and hyperextends the cervical vertebrae. When once contracts it turns the head sideways in a direction towards the same side on which the contracting muscle is located

Question 20

Erector spinae

Answer 20

maintain posture and to help us stand erect and are found along the entire vertebral column

Question 21

Transversospinalis muscles

Answer 21

deep to the erector spinae muscles. connect and stabilize the vertebrae

Question 22

External intercostals

Answer 22

used for restful breathing and extend inferomedially from the superior ribb to the adjacent inferior rib.
Origin: inferior border of superior rib
Insertions: superior border of inferior rib
Action: elevates the ribs by causing them to move up and out

Question 23

Internal intercostals

Answer 23

Used for forceful exhalation
Origin: superior border of inferior rib
Insertion: inferior border of superior rib
Action: depresses the ribs during forced exhalation

Question 24

Diaphragm

Answer 24

Origin: inferior internal surface of lower ribs, xiphoid process of sternum, costal cartilages of inferior ribs, and lumbar vertebrae
Insertion: Central tendon
Action: contraction during inhalation causes flattening of the diaphragm, thereby expanding the thoracic cavity and compressing the abdominopelvic cavity.

Question 25

Rectus sheath

Answer 25

an aponeurosis formed by external oblique, internal oblique, and transversus abdominis.

Question 26

Linea semilunaris

Answer 26

a cutaneous depression formed just lateral to the rectus abdominis.

Question 27

What forms the “six-pack” look

Answer 27

three fibrous tendinous intersections

Question 28

Linea alba

Answer 28

partitions the rectus abdominis into left and right halves

Question 29

External oblique

Answer 29

origin: external inferior borders of lower ribs
Insertion: linea alba by a broad aponeurosis; some to the iliac crest
Action: When both contract, they compress the abdomen and flex the vertebral column. when only one contracts it causes lateral flexion of the vertebral column

Question 30

Internal oblique

Answer 30

Origin: lumbar fascia, inguinal ligament, and iliac crest
Insertion: linea alba, pubic crest, costal cartilages and surfaces of lower ribs
Action: When both contract, they compress the abdomen and flex the vertebral column. when only one contracts it causes lateral flexion of the vertebral column

Question 31

Transversus abdmoninis

Answer 31

Origin: iliac crest, lumbar fascia, inguinal ligament, and cartilages of lower ribs
Insertion: linea alba and pubic crest
Action: primarily compresses abdomen

Question 32

Rectus abdominis

Answer 32

Origin: superior surface of pubis near symphysis
Insertion: xiphoid process of sternum and inferior surfaces of middle ribs
Action: flexes vertebral column and compresses the abdominal wall; used in forceful exhalation

Question 33

Pelvic diaphragm

Answer 33

extends from the ischium and pubis of the ossa coxae across the pelvic outlet to the sacrum and coccyx.

Question 34

Four significant bony landmarks of the perineum

Answer 34

pubic symphysis anteriorly, coccyx posteriorly, both ischial tuberosities laterally

Question 35

urogenital triangle

Answer 35

anterior portion of perineum which contains the external genitalia and urethra

Question 36

anal triangle

Answer 36

posterior portion of perineum that contains the anus

Question 37

levator ani

Answer 37

largest and most important group of the pelvic diaphragm. supports the pelvic viscera and functions as a sphincter at the anorectal junction, urethra, and vagina

Question 38

Pubococcygeus

Answer 38

one of the levator ani muscles. made famous by Dr. Arnold Kegel.