digestive system 1 Flashcards
digestive system includes organs that
ingest food, transport food, digest the food into small usable components, absorb the necessary nutrients into the blood stream, expel the waste products from the body
GI tract includes
oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
accessory digestive organs
teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
ingestion
introduction of solid and liquid nutrients into the oral cavity
digestion
breakdown of large food items into smaller structures and molecules
mechanical digestion
physically breaks down ingested materials into smaller pieces
mastication
chewing
chemical digestion
breaks down ingested molecules into smaller molecules by using enzymes
propulsion
materials moving through the GI tract
peristalsis
muscular contraction that forms ripples along part of the GI tract
segmentation
churning and mixing movements in the small intestine which help dispense the material being ingested and combine it with intestinal secretions
secretion
process of producing and releasing fluid products, such as acid, bile, digestive enzymes, and mucin
absorption
involves either passive movement or active transport of electrolytes, digestion products, vitamins, and water across the GI tract
elimation
pooping
oral cavity
mouth
gingivae
gums
labial frenulum
a thin mucosal fold in the midline that holds the lips to the ginivae
lingual frenulum
thin vertical mucous membrane that attaches the tongue to the floor of the oral cavity
how much saliva is produced dailty
1 to 1.5 liters
salivary amylase
begins chemical digestion by breaking down starch
lysozyme
antibodies in saliva that helps inhibit bacterial growth in the oral cavity
parotid salivary glands
largest salivary gland. located anterior and inferior to the ear, partially overlying the masseter muscle
parotid duct
carries the saliva to the oral cavity, travels parallel to the zygomatic arch and opens into the vestibule of the oral cavity near the second upper molar
submandibular salivary glands
inferior to the body of the mandible and they prodcue most of the saliva for the mouth
submandibular duct
opens from each gland in the floor of the mouth on the lateral sides of the lingual frenulum
sublingual salivary glands
inferior to the tongue and internal to the oral caivty mucosa
what primarily innervates the salivary glands
parasympathetic division of teh autonomic nervous system
What innervates the submandibular and sublingual glands
CN VII
What innervates the parotid glands
CN IX
teeth are collectively known as
dentition
crown
exposed part of tooth
neck
constricted part
roots
are anchored into the jaw
dental alveoli
sockets within alveolar process of both the maxillae and the mandible
deciduous teeth
20 of them. are the baby teeth
permanent teeth
32 of them.
incisors
front four teeth
canines
vampire teeth
premolars
bicuspids
molars
thickest and most posteriorly placed teeth
molars
thickest and most posteriorly placed teeth
skeletal muscle pairs that form the wall of the pharynx
superior pharyngeal constrictors, middle pharyngeal constrictors, inferior pharyngeal constrictors
intraperitoneal organs
stomach, jejunum and ileum, cecum, appendix, transverse and sigmoid colon
retroperitoneal organs
kidneys, pancreas, ascending colon, descending colon, rectum, bladder
mesenteries
double-layered folds of peritoneum that support and stabilize the intraperitoneal GI tract organs
greater omentum
extends inferiorly like an apron from the greater curvature of the stomach and covers most of the abdominal organs
lesser omentum
connects the lesser curvature of the stomach and the proximal end of the duodenum to the liver
mesentery proper
fan-shaped fold of peritoneum that suspends most of the small intestine from the internal surface of the posterior abdominal wall
mesocolon
fold in the peritoneum that attaches parts of the large intestine to the internal surface of the posterior abdominal wall
peritoneal ligament
a type of mesentery that attaches one organ to another organ, or attaches an organ to the anterior or lateral abdominal wall
mucosa
deepest tunic of the GI tract. has absorptive and secretory function and contains: superficial epithelium, connective tissue, thin layer of smooth muscle
submucosa
dense irregular connective tissue and which contains: accumulations of lymphatic tissue, mucin-secreting glands, many large blood vessels and lymphatic vessels, nerve plexuses
muscularis
contains two layers of muscle: an inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer.
adventitia
composed of loose connective tissue with dispersed collagen and connective tissue with dispersed collagen and elastic fibers
serosa
same components as adventitia, but is covered by visceral peritoneum
what organs are covered by serosa
intraperitoneal organs
what organs are covered by serosa
intraperitoneal organs
what promotes digestive system activity
parasympathetic innervation
what inhibits digestive system activity
sympathetic innervation