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CVNT 2 > Respiratory system diseases 1,2,3 > Flashcards

Respiratory system diseases 1,2,3 Flashcards

1
Q

orthopneoa

A

adopting posture to facilitate breathing
- neck extension

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2
Q

hyperpnoea

A
  • increased resp effort (deeper) without dyspnoea
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3
Q

respiratory distress clinical signs

A
  • tachypnoea/hyperpnoea
  • orthopnoea
  • visibly distressed/mouth breathing
  • resp noises
    • inspiratory (stertor/stridor) upper airway
    • expiratory (wheezes, crackles on auscultation) lower airway
  • cyanosis
  • tachycardia, weak pulse
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4
Q

types of dyspnoea

A
  • inspiratory- abnormal resp noises
  • expiratory- abnormal auscultation
  • mixed- parenchymal disease
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5
Q

oxygen administration options in conscious patients

A
  • flow by
  • face mask
  • nasal prongs
  • nasal catheter (longer term use)
  • oxygen tent
  • incubator
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6
Q

oxygen administration options in unconscious patients

A
  • intubation
  • tracheostmony
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7
Q

upper resp tract diseases (larynx, pharynx, trachea)

A
  • BOAS
    larynx- laryngeal paralysis (dog, lymphoma (cat)
    pharynx- poly (cat), foreign body
    trachea- tracheal collapse
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8
Q

Cinical signs of URT disease

A
  • inspiratory dyspnoea
  • nasal discharge
  • sneezing/reverse sneezing
  • stertor
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9
Q

nursing considerations for URT disease

A
  • sedation
  • oxygen
  • keep cool
  • avoid collars
  • exercise
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10
Q

common causes for nasal disease

A

inflammatory: idiopathic
infectious
- bacterial
- virus
- fungal (aspergillus)
neoplastic
trauma
foreign body
dental disease

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11
Q

nursing care for nasal disease

A
  • treat dyspnoea first
  • stop any haemorrhage
  • remove foreign object
  • monitor fluid/food intake
  • decongestant therapy
  • isolate cats (possinly infectious)
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12
Q

investigations of nasal disease under GA

A
  • full oral examination
    • dental probing
  • nasopharyngeal swab in cats
  • imaging
  • rhinoscopy
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13
Q

Aspergillosis cause

A

Aspergillus fumigatus

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14
Q

Aspergillosis clinical signs

A
  • nasal discharge/bleeding
  • sneezing
  • pain
  • nasal depigmentation
  • predisposed in meso/dolichcephalic breeds
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15
Q

Diagnosing aspergilliosis using rhinoscopy

A

identification of fungal plaques

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16
Q

aspergilliosis treatment

A
  • mechanical debridement endoscopically
  • trephination into frontal sinus (drilling)
  • topical antifungal
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17
Q

primary abnormalities in BOAS

A
  • excessive soft tissues
  • stenotic nares
  • elongated/thick soft palate
  • hypoplastic trachea
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18
Q

compensation in BOAS

A

harder inspiration
causing negative pressure in throat, neck, chest
causing laryngeal collapse and hiatal hernia

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19
Q

BOAS diagnosis

A
  • physical exam
  • fluoroscopy
  • CT scan
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20
Q

BOAS nursing care

A
  • owner education
  • discourage breeding
  • calm and stress free
  • weight management
  • avoid excessive heat
  • harness instead of collar
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21
Q

cough: pathophysiology

A
  • protective reflex to clear excess secretions/foreign material
  • also associated with cong. heart fail.- enlarged left atrium puts pressure on airway
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22
Q

investigation of lower resp disease

A
  • faecal analysis (lungworm)
  • radiography/CT
  • bronchoscopy
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23
Q

Bronchoscopy

A
  • small tube down trachea
  • collects broncho-alveolar lavage samples
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24
Q

Bronchoscopy equipment

A
  • endoscope
  • sterile saline
  • collection pots
  • mouth gag
  • urinary catheter
  • syringes
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25
Bronchoscopy nursing considerations
- coupage required - monitor until fully recovered - easy access to emergency drugs/oxygen - potential thoracocentesis
26
main lower airway diseases
- canine acute tracheobronchitis (kennel cough) - canine chronic bronchitis - feline lower airway disease (asthma)
27
canine tracheobronchitis
- can be caused by different viruses/bacteria - most resolve after 14-21 days - can progress to pneumonia - highly contagious
28
viruses causing canine tracheobronchitis
- adenovirus 2 - parainfluenza virus - herpes virus
29
bacteria causeing canine tracheobronchitis
bordetella bronchiseptica
30
canine chronic bronchitis
- chronic bronchial inflammation with over-secretion of mucus - common in middle-aged and old dogs - can cause tracheal collapse, mitral valve disease, pulmonary hypertension
31
canine chronic bronchitis pathophysiology
- predisposed by kennel cough, allergens, parasites - narrowing of lower airway - inflammation/mucus obstruction - bronchomalacia- weakened cartilage - bronchiectasis- end-stage bronchial change
32
bronchomalacia
weakened cartilage
33
bronchiectasis
end-stage bronchial change - bronchioles merged together
34
chronic bronchitis nursing considerations
- weight control - avoidance of airway irritants (smoke, dust) - owner support with medication
35
inhaled therapy
- for corticosteroids and bronchodilator
36
feline lower airway disease
- covers many airways dieases - feline asthma, bronchitis
37
feline lower airway disease pathophysiology
predisposed by bacteria, virus, parasite, allergen - obstruction of bronchus
38
FLUT emergency treatment
- oxygen - stress free - bronchodilators - corticosteroids - sedation
39
pulmonary parasite types
- intestinal worms - lungworms - heartworms
40
intestinal worms
- toxocara (roundworm) or ancylostoma (hookworm) - migrate through lungs before adult reaches gut - verminous pneumonia
41
lungworms
- lung is final destination
42
Heartworms
- cause respiratory signs - angiostrongylus vasorum
43
angiostrongylus vasorum
- 'french heartworm' - infection through eating slugs, snails, frogs - larvae migrate into alveoli which are coughed up and swallowed - adult worms live in pulmonary artery
44
clinical signs of angiostrongylus vasorum
- resp disease - severe pulmonary hypertension - increased bleeding tendency
45
treatment of angiostrongylus vasorum
- fenbendazole or moxidectin preventative - wormer againt angiostrongylus
46
bacterial pneumonia
- mixed flora - ihaled bacteria/haematogenous - acute/chronic
47
predisposing causes of bacterial pneumonia
- chronic bronchitis - bronchiectasis - immunosuppression - foreign body - aspiration
48
investigations of bacterial pneumonia
- haemotology- neutrophilia/neutropenia - SpO2- hypoxia - chest x-rays/CT
49
nursing care for bacterial pneumonia
- fluid therapy - nebulization - nutrition - oxygen
50
Restrictive dyspnoea
Restricted lung expansion most commonly due to pleural space disease
51
Pathophysiology of pleural space disease
- negative intrathoracic pressure necessary to keep lungs inflated - restrictive deficit-> positive thoracic pressure - can lead to decreased CO, arrest
52
Causes of pleural space disease
- Pneumothorax - haemothorax - pyothorax - chylothorax (lymph) - congestive heart failure
53
Clinical signs of pleural space disease
- tachypnoea - restrictive dyspnoea - paradoxical breathing - pleural effusion - muffled lung sounds ventrally - pneumothorax - absent lung sounds dorsally, increased resonance during percussion
54
Pleural space disease diagnostics
- chest radiographs if stable - thoracic ultrasound - thoracocentesis - fluid analysis
55
Nursing considerations for pleural space disease
- delay diagnostics until stable - low stress, sedation - monitor SpO2 - supplement oxygen - prepare for thoracocentesis
56
Thoracocentesis
Aspiration of air or fluid from the pleural cavity by inserting a needle, catheter or drain via a caudal rib space
57
Prep for thoracocentesis
- Clip - sterile equipment - suitable needle - 3 way tap + syringe - measuring jug if effusion - cranial aspect of rib (no nerves, vessels)
58
Fluid analysis of pleural effusion
Pure- Clear, poor protein - hypoalbuminaemia Modified- Yellow, blood tinged- protein rich - heart failure, pericardial disease Turbid fluid- exudate - pyothorax
59
Trochar-type thoracic drain
- like a catheter - sutured in place
60
Seldinger-type thoracic drain
- catheter placed over a wire - only suitable for watery fluid and air (small)
61
Thoracic drain care
- aseptic - measure and record vol of fluid

CVNT 2 (33 decks)

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