Blood transfusions Flashcards
what blood products are available for dogs?
- whole blood
- packed red blood cells
- frozen plasma
- cryoprecipitate and cryoprecipitate poor plasma
what blood products are available for cats?
- no pet blood banks for cats
- whole blood obtained locally:
- cats of consenting clients, friends, family, colleagues
- local donor colonies
- donors from animal blood register
process of centrifuging whole blood into other products
whole blood + hard spin-> packed RBC +fresh frozen plasma
fresh frozen plasma + centrifuge-> cryoprecipitate + frozen plasma
fresh whole blood (FWB)
- used soon after collection <6hrs
- contains physiological concentrations of RBCs, some functional platelets, proteins and coagulation factors
stored whole blood (SWB)
- stored >8hrs
- no functional platelets, loss of labile clotting factors
- PCV= 45%
conditions of storing whole blood
- 2-6 degrees
- max 21 days
fresh frozen plasma (FFP)
- contains all coagulation factors
- physiological concentrations of albumin and other proteins
storage= -18 degrees for less than 1 year
frozen plasma (FP)
- FFP that is >1yr or thawed and refrozen
- stable coagulation factors
- no labile factors
storage= -18 degrees for up to 5 years
cryoprecipitate (cryo)
- precipitate collected from second centrifugation
- rich in fibrinogen, VIII, vWf (laible clotting factors)
common diseases that may benefit from blood transfusion
- those that result in deficiency of blood constituent (hypovolaemic anaemia, euvolaemic anaemia, coagulopathies)
when is blood transfusion indicated for anaemic patients?
- not based purely on PCV value
- if clinical signs (weakness, tachycardia, tachypnoea, measures of poor O2 delivery (high blood lactate))
transfusion reaction symptoms
- fever
- tachycardia, dyspnoea
- muscle tremors
- weakness, collapse
- haemoglobinemia, haemoglobinuria
blood types in dogs
- dog erythrocyte antigen (DEA)
- DEA1 (most antigenic, causes transfusion reaction)
- dogs don’t possess any naturally occurring antibodies against DEA1 (first transfusion can be given untyped)
- DEA1 negative patients need the same
- DEA1 positive can receive either
dalmations and blood transfusions
- they are Dal negative
- blood transfusions should be from another dalmation or cross-matched
blood types in cats
- A, B, AB
- they have naturally occurring alloantibodies in their plasma
- first transfusions can cause reactions
- other types exist
neonatal isoerythrolysis in cats
- type B queen has type A or AB kittens
what blood should cats be given?
- matched blood type
- if AB blood not available for AB patient, type A is next best
(weak anti-B antibodies) - all cats need to be typed even in emergency
- cross-matching necessary in subsequent transfusions
cross matching indications
- recipient received transfusion > 4 days ago
- history of transfusion reaction
- transfusion history unknown
- cats
- dalmations
- previous pregnancy
cross matching
- looking for agglutination (not compatible)
- determines serological compatibility
- major + minor cross matching
major crossmatch
recipients serum and donors red blood cells
- can cause more severe transfusion reaction if incompatible
minor crossmatch
donors serum and recipients red blood cells
good blood donor requirements
- healthy, between 1-8yrs old
- no history of travel (reduces chance of bloodbourne infectious diseases)
- receiving routine preventative health care
- never received transfusion
- good jugular veins
requirements for canine blood donor
- large >25kg
- clear disease screens
requirements for feline blood donor
- large >4kg, good body condition score
- must be blood typed
- clear disease screens
- ideally indoor cats
volume limits for blood donors
dogs= 15ml/kg
cats= 10-12ml/kg
how to give blood transfusion
- visually inspect bag, gently thaw
- admin via giving set with filter
- give 10-20ml/kg
- 1% increase in PCV for each 2ml/kg whole blood given - 1ml/kg/hr for 20 mins to allow early recognition of transfusion reactions
- give rest over 4-6hrs
- don’t feed during
- don’t admin drugs through same catheter
types of immunologic transfusion reactions
- antigen-antibody sensitivity reaction
- cytokines from product storage
- allergic/hypersensitivity reaction
non-immunologic transfusion reactions
- volume overload
- citrate intoxication
- thrombosis
- ammonia intoxication
