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CVNT 2 > CVS disease 1, 2, 3 > Flashcards

CVS disease 1, 2, 3 Flashcards

1
Q

dog regular HR

A

60-180 bpm

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2
Q

cat regular HR

A

120-240 bpm

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3
Q

most important congenital cardiac diseases

A
  • aortic stenosis
  • pulmonic stenosis
  • patent ductus arteriosus
  • ventricular septal defect
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4
Q

common aquired cardiac diseases in dogs

A
  • myxomatous mitral valve disease (degenerative)
  • dilated cardiomyopathy
  • pericardial effusion
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5
Q

common aquired cardiac disease in cats

A

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (myocardium disease)

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6
Q

typical presentation of heart disease in patients

A
  • heart murmer or arrhythmia (cackle on auscultation)
  • exercise intolerance, weakness, syncopal episodes
  • sudden death
  • reduced CO with heart failure
    • pale MM, prolonged CRT
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7
Q

left sided congestive heart failure

A
  • tachypnoea, dyspnoea
  • pulmonary oedema
  • cough?
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8
Q

right sided congestive heart failure symptoms

A
  • dyspnoea
  • distended abdomen
  • ascites, pleural effusion
  • positive hepatojugular reflux (press on liver and jugular vein distends)
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9
Q

cardiac disease physical exam findings

A
  • loss of body condition (cardiac cachexia)
    • loss of muscle mass with good appetite
  • MM colour
  • CRT
  • distended jugular veins
  • pulse deficits (heartbeat but no periipheral pulse)
  • increased resp rate
  • abnormal HR, rhythm
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10
Q

grading of heart murmers

A
  1. very quiet
  2. quiet, less loud than heart sounds
  3. obvious as heart sounds
  4. louder than heart sounds
  5. very loud with precordial thrill (palpation)
  6. very loud, thrill, audible without stethoscope on chest
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11
Q

congestive heart failure

A

blood is not pumped rapidly enough, pressure in atrium backs up into vein which causes fluid to accumulate upstream of the heart

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12
Q

diagnostic tests commonly used to investigate heart disease

A

blood tests
- haematology
- biochemistry
- cadiac biomarkers
bp
ECG
Echocardiography
Thoracic radiography

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13
Q

cardiac biomarker: cardiac troponin

A

marker for myocardial cell damage

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14
Q

cardiac biomarker: N-terminal pro-B-type natriuetic peptide

A

marker for myocardial stretch

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15
Q

ECG holter monitor

A
  • worn 24hrs of the day
  • investigates intermittent arrhythmias
    • frequency and severity
  • useful for syncope and antiarrhythmic therapy monitoring
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16
Q

thoracic radiograph indications

A

cough
tachypnoea
dyspnoe

  • signs of lung pathology, heart failure
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17
Q

aortic subvalvular stenosis effect on heart

A
  • left ventricular hypertrophy (increase in muscle mass)
  • left congestive heart failure
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18
Q

pulmonary valvular stenosis effect on heart

A

-thickened valve or stuck together
- right ventricular hypertrophy
- right congestive heart failure

19
Q

treatment of great vessel stenosis

A
  • beta blocker
  • balloon valvuloplasty (pulmonuc stenosis)
20
Q

patent ductus arteriosus effect of heart

A
  • normal fetal connection between pulmonary artery and aorta (should close after birth)
  • if it doesn’t, blood flows from aorta to pulmonary artery (aortic pressure is higher)
  • loud continuous murmer in left of heart
21
Q

treatment of patent ductus arteriosus

A
  • interventional closure (occluder disc)
  • surgical ligation
  • congestive heart failure therapy
22
Q

ventricular septal defect effect on heart

A
  • commonly located on upper septum below aortic valve
  • smaller the defect, louder the murmer (garden hose)
  • loudest murmer on right side of heart
  • diagnosis= echocardiography
23
Q

Myxomatous mitral valve disease

A
  • idiopathic (hereditary)
  • small breeds
  • adult onset
  • mitral, tricuspid valve
  • diagnosis= echocardiography
24
Q

myxomatous mitral valve disease effect on heart

A
  • thickening of valve
  • backflow of blood into atria
  • left atria and ventricular dilation
  • prolapse of valve into atria
25
Q

myxomatous mitral valve clinical findings

A
  • left sided apical systolic heart murmer
  • slow progression with long asymptomatic period
  • can progress to left sided congestive heart failure
26
Q

dilated cardiomyopathy

A
  • idiopathic (hereditary)
  • large breed dogs
  • adult onset
27
Q

dilated cardiomyopathy clinical signs

A
  • left apical systolic murmer (sometimes)
  • disease of myocardium
  • left ventricular dilation
  • decreased systolic function
  • arrhthmias
    diagnosis= echocardiography
28
Q

pericardial effusion

A
  • large breed dogs
  • many causes including idiopathic, neoplasia
    diagnosis= echocardiography
29
Q

pericardial effusion clinical signs

A
  • fluid in the sac around the heart compromises filling (tamponade)
  • right atria collapses first as lowest pressure
    • decreased CO (heart can’t fill properly)
    • right congestive heart failure
30
Q

pericardial effusion treatment

A
  • pericardiocentesis (drain fluid)
  • use echocardiography
31
Q

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A
  • most common cardiac disease in cats
  • genetic causes
  • adult onset
  • exclude other causes of hypertrophy (hyperthyroidism, systemic hypertension)
  • increased myocardial thickness impairs filling in diastole
32
Q

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy clinical signs

A
  • right congestive heart failure
    • pulmonary oedema, pleural effusion
  • aortic thromboembolism
    • sudden onset lameness, cold leg, cyanosis, pain
  • can see platelets sticking together on echocardiogram (smoke look)
33
Q

heart failure causes

A
  • disease progression
  • decompensation of previously stable heart failure
  • development of impedance of cardiac filling
34
Q

heart failure treatment

A
  • furosemide (diuretic)
    • decrease circulating volume
  • minimise stress
  • oxygen
  • pimobendan (increases contractility in dogs)
  • ACE inhibitor (vasodilator)
  • spironolactone (weak diuretic)
35
Q

heart failure monitoring

A

targets
- resp rate <40 breaths pm
- BP >100 mmHg
signs of improvement
- decreased resp rate and HR
- improved pulse quality and CRT

36
Q

sinus bradycardia

A

causes:
- atrial standstill
- atrioventricular blocks (AVN not working properly)
- sick sinus syndrome

37
Q

1st degree AV block

A
  • slow conduction through AV node
  • longer gap between P wave and QRS
38
Q

2nd degree AV block

A
  • some P waves are conducted but some arent
  • more P waves as QRS complexes
  • amount of P waves conducted is variable
39
Q

3rd degree AV block

A
  • no QRS complexes are conducted
  • wide and bizarre QRS complexes
40
Q

Atrial fibrilation

A
  • no P wave
  • very irregular rhythm
  • HR: 210/min
41
Q

ventricular arrhythmia

A
  • originate from ventricular myocardium
  • QRS complexes are wide and bizarre
  • normal rhythm then really odd ones
42
Q

ventricular premature complexes

A

QRS complex comes in earlier than you would expect

43
Q

sinus arrhythmia

A

heart rate speeds up then slows down

44
Q

ventricular tachycardia

A
  • more than 3 fast beats in a row then slows down
  • HR: 375/min

CVNT 2 (33 decks)

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