Clinical nutrition Flashcards
6 classes of nutrients
- protein
- fat
- carbohydrates
- minerals
- vitamins
- water
Vitamin purposes
- energy metabolism
- biochemical reactions
factors determining water intake
- diet
- exercise
- temperature
macrominerals
greater dietry requirement than microminerals
- calcium, magnesium
which amino acid do cats need in diet
taurine
(cats are obligate carnivores)
excess protein problems
liver/kidney problems
protein deficiency problems
- poor growth, muscle and weight
- dull coat
- reduced immunity
- oedema (hypoalbuminemia)
fat purpose
- energy
- enhance palatability
- source of essential fatty acids
- neural development
fat deficiency problems
- energy deficiency
- essential fatty acid deficiency (dry skin)
fibre purpose
- indigestible polysaccharides (cellulose, lignin)
- bulk to faeces (prevents constipation and diarrhoea)
- regulates glucose levels
- empties anal glands
- role in correction of obesity
WASVA
body condition scoring
Basal energy requirement (BER)
amount expended during sleep, fundamental body function, thermoneutral environment
resting energy requirement (RER)
energy expended for recovery from physical activity and feeding
- hospitalised patients
maintenance energy requirement (MER)
energy required by moderately active animal
- not included:energy for growth, work, lactation
metabolisable energy (ME)
- found on diet information
kcal/100g
RER calculation for animals <2kg and >45kg
70 X (bwt kg) ^75
RER calculation
30 X (bwt kg) +70
maintenance calculation for healthy animal with lifestyle factor
RER X lifestyle factor
safe weight loss percentage
1-2% per week
obesity consequences
- hepatic lipidosis
- joint disease
- exercise intolerance
- diabetes
- skin disease
- cardioresp disease
- FLUTD
obesity diets
- joint health
- glucosamine and chondroitin
- L-carnitine
- encourages use of fat for energy and reduces fat storage
- reduces risk of hepatic lipidosis in cats)
GI disease diet
- highly digestible proteins and starch
- MOS (monooligosaccharides)
- FOS/beet pulp
- EPA- eicosapentaenoic acid
- psyllium
- low fat/high energy
- <8% fat
hypoallergenic diet
- useful for inflammatory bowel disease
- hydrolysed protein or novel protein
- skin barrier (B vitamins, aa, zinc, linoleic acid)
- omega 3
peridontal disease stage 1
- normal
pancreas function
synthesises and excretes digestive enzymes
pancreatitis
premature activation of digestive enzymes within acinar cells resulting in autodigestion
- inflammatory cycle begins with addition of neutrophils
- can lead to renal failure
pancreatitis clinical signs
- vomiting
- abdominal pain
- anorexia
- lethargy
pancreatitis treatments
- supportive= IVFT, antiemetics, analgesia
- nutrition
- don’t fast due to hypercatabolic state- causes increase in systemic inflammation
- early enteral nutrition
early enteral nutrition function in pancreatitis
- first 48hrs after admission
- reduced bacterial translocation
- villus atrophy
- reduced pancreatic inflammation
parenteral nutrition
nutrition via IV
pancreatitis- enteral feeding (tube feeding)
- avoid hugh fat diet due to concurrent hyperlipidemia
- prepyloric feeding well tolerated
Orthapedic diet
- balanced diet for normal skeletal development/maintenance
- bigger breeds take longer to development
Osteoarthritis
- articular cartilage degradation
- progressive
- ageing cats and dogs
Joint dysplasia
- genetic condition
- medium to large breeds
- swelling, pain arthritis
Orthapedic diet
- weight management
- omega 3 fatty acids
- reduce inflammation
- found in green lipped mussel
- glucosamine
- cartilage formation and repair
- reduce inflammation
- slow cartilage degeneration
diabetes dietary aims
- support in maintaining normal serum glucose
- decrease prostprandial glucose peaks
- achieve normal metabolism of carbs, fats anf proteins
- normal bodyweight
- consider senior status
postprandial
post feeding
diabetes diet
- protein restriction
- 15-25% DMB dog
- 28-50% DMB cat
- low fat (prevents insulin resistance)
<20% DMB - soluble carbohydrates= <30% DMB
- high insoluble carbohydrates (fibre)
hyperthyroidism
can hide concurrent chronic renal failure
- due to higher bp and glom filtration
- most common in older female cats
hyperthyroidism diet
- restrict iodine (required for production of thyroid hormone)
- 0.2ppm iodine DMB
cardiac disease diets
- no specific diet for all cardiac diseases
- mild sodium restriction= reduces heart overload
- maintain optimum BCS
- monitor cachexia
- amino acids (taurine in cats)
- L-carnitine, arginine
cachexia
decreased muscle mass due to disease
