Equine Flashcards
1
Q
Normal equine temp range
A
37.3-38.2
2
Q
inspiratory respiration difficulty
A
upper resp tract disease
3
Q
expiratory respiration difficulty
A
lower resp tract disease
4
Q
removing dust from hay
A
soak or steam
5
Q
equine physical exam
A
- demeanour
- stance
- nasal discharge
- submandibular lymph nodes
- resp rate/effort (8-10 bpm)
- heave line (rectus abdominus hypertrophy)
6
Q
rebreathing exam
A
- bin bag over nose
- makes them breathe harder
- ausculate
7
Q
Endoscopy
A
- pass up meatus of nase
- examine URT down to tracheal bifurcation
8
Q
tracheal wash
A
- tracheal pul? (plateu of trachea before going into chest)
- sample of resp secretions and cells
9
Q
bronchoalveolar lavage
A
- fluid in -> fluid out
- sample from specific segment of lung
- sedate
- will cough
- go down until stuck then keep pressure or inflate cuff
- give fluid and get back frothy sample
10
Q
most common presenting sign of nasopharynx and larynx disorders
A
abnormal resp sounds during exercise
- can cause exercise intolerance
11
Q
DDSP dorsal displacement of the soft palate
A
soft palate on top of epiglottis
- common in strenuous exercise
- causes reduced air supply
- causes gurgle
12
Q
diagnosis technique for DDSP
A
- exercise endoscopy
13
Q
treatment for DDSP
A
- rest
- surgery
- soft palate cautery (stiffens soft palate)
- laryngeal tie-forward
14
Q
arytenoid cartilage collapse
A
- also called recurrent laryngeal neuropathy
- recurrent laryngeal nerve innervates the cricoarytenoideus dorsalis muscle which opens the arytenoid cartilages
- left nerve is really long so end dies off
15
Q
ACC clinical signs
A
- inspiratory noise
- exercise intolerance
- diagnose using exercise endoscopy
16
Q
ACC treatment
A
- ventricolochordectomy (hobday)
- removes noise only
- prosthetic laryngoplast (tieback)
- risk of aspiration
17
Q
Sinusitis
A
- accumulation of exudate within sinus
- primary (viral or bacterial)
- secondary (due to dental disease)
18
Q
sinusitis diagnosis
A
- endoscopy
- x-ray
- CT
- sinoscopy (treat at same time - drain)
19
Q
guttural pouch disorders
A
- doesn’t drain very well
gutteral pouch mycosis- fungal infection
20
Q
gutteral pouch mycosis clinical signs
A
- epistaxis
- 50% die with repeated bleeds
- some have cranial nerve dysfuntion
21
Q
gutteral pouch mycosis diagnosis and treatment
A
- endoscope
- surgical occlusion of vessels
- topical anti-fungal
- cranial nerve deficits may be permanent
22
Q
strangles
A
- URT bacterial infection
- streptococcus equi equi
- very contagious
23
Q
strangles clinical signs
A
- dull
- fever
- nasal discharge
- enlarged abscessing submandibular LN
- enlargerd abscessing retropharyngeal LN
24
Q
strangles diagnosis and treatment
A
- isolate!!
- culture/PCR from abscesses
- endoscsope and lavage for culture
- penicillin in some
- drain abscessed lymph nodes
25
Influenza clinical signs
- inhalation
- coughing, pyrexia, nasal discharge, inappetence
- typical flu signs
26
influenza diagnosis
- virus detection (ELIZA/PCR)
- virus isolation
- serology
27
influenza treatment
- rest
- NSAIDs
- prevent with vaccines (always changing)
28
equine herpes virus
- inhaled virus
- resp, neurologic, abortion storms
- can vaccinate against 2 types
29
pleuropneumonia
- 'shipping fever'
- risk of opportunistic infection from pharynx to lungs
- streprococcus zooepidemicus
30
pleuropneumonia clinical signs
- fever, dull
- nasal discharge
- difficulty breathing
- weight loss
31
pleuropneumonia diagnosis
- clinical exam
- chest x-ray
- ultrasound chest (pleural effusion)
- tracheal wash sample
- culture + cytology
32
pleuropneumoinia treatment
- aggressive treatment
- pencillin
- chest drains
33
asthma
- also called COPD
- allergic airway disease (dust, hay)
- bronchoconstriction, increased mucus
- coughing and wheezing
- increased resp effort
- heave line
34
asthma diagnosis
- endoscopy, BAL, TW
- airway neutrophilia (workplace induced asthma)
35
how is equine polydipsia defined?
100ml/kg/day
36
PPID (pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction)
- equine cushing's disease
- common in aged horses
- decrease in production of dopamine hypothalamus
- decrease in inhibition of pituitary causing growth, leading to pituitary adenoma
- overproduction of hormones
37
clinical signs of PPID
variable
- long curly coat (1/3 patients)
- laminitis (insulin resistance)
- PU/PD
- weight loss
- docile (increased CSF B-endorphin)
38
diagnosis of PPID
- clinical signs and signalment
- gold standard is post-mortem
- ACTH test (resting plasma ACTH conc)
- TRH stimulation test (inject TRH then test blood 10 mins after)
39
treatment of PPID
- combination of management and medication
- farriery, clipping, parasite control, dental, feeding
- dopamine agonist (pergolide)
40
equine metabolic syndrome
- obesity or regional adiposity
- insulin dysregulation/resistance
- high insulin levels to reach normal glucose levels (compensated)
- both PPID and EMS can show this
- subclinical or clinical laminitis
41
clinical signs of equine metabolic syndrome
obesity, regional adiposity
- cresty neck
- tail head
- preputial swelling, mammary gland
- laminitis
42
diagnosis of EMS
- starve overnight
- blood test glucose/insulin
- bolus glucose
- BS glucose and insulin at 2-3hrs
findings: normal glucose levels but hyperinsulinaemia
43
management of EMS
diet
- low carbs
- if thin, give oil
- happy hoof
- no grass, muzzle
exercise
- major effect on insulin sensitivity
weight loss
- feed 1/3 less
- 1.5kg forage per 100kg
- soak hay >1hr
- haynet with small holes
- metformin (increases insulin sensitivity through weight loss)
44
hyperlipaemia
sudden release of fat into blood stream (fatty acid mobilisation)
- caused by negative energy balance (acute starvation) and stress
risk factors: obese, ponies. pregnant, donkeys
- excess stores of fatty acid
hepatic lipidosis
- can't suck up the fat due to limited amounts of hormone
- leads to liver failure, lactescent blood, fat embolism, kidney failure, pancreatitis
45
diagnosis of hyperlipaemia
- identify 'at risks', prevention is better
- clinical signs (depression, anorexia, ataxia, icterus)
46
hyperlipaemia treatment
1. improve energy intake and balance
2. treatment of hepatic disease
3. elimination of stress, treatment concurrent disease
4. inhibition of fat mobilisation from adipose tissue
5. increased triglyceride uptake by peripheral tissues
- glucose infusion
60-100% mortality
