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BIrds Flashcards

1
Q

fasting pre GA

A
  • short fasting times to decrease chance of regurgitation but minimise hypoglycaemia
  • 2-4hrs parrots, 30 mins budgies
  • up to 8hrs for larger birds
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2
Q

inhalational anaesthesia rates

A
  • iso/sevoflurane
  • 5%/8% for induction
  • 1-3% isoflurane maintenance
  • flow rate= 0.5-1L/min
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3
Q

mask to induce anaesthesia

A
  • excitable phase (flapping)
  • clear mask best
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4
Q

ET intubation during anaesthesia

A
  • patent airway
  • > 100g bird
  • uncuffed to prevent pressure necrosis (complete tracheal rings)
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5
Q

damage to trachea due to intubation

A
  • can cause tracheal mucosal damage/stricture
  • keep neck straight
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6
Q

positioning during anaesthesia

A
  • ventral and dorsal recumbency can decrease ventilation
  • lateral recumbency best
  • consider IPPV at 6-12bpm
  • if procedure >30 mins, reduce gas % due to anaesthesia deepening caused by recirculation of air through sacs
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7
Q

waterfowl anaesthesia

A
  • use of face mask can stimulate dive reflex
  • bradycardia, apnoea
  • use injectable agents or intubate
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8
Q

air sac perfusion anaesthesia

A
  • useful for head surgery or emergency
  • ET tube with holes into caudal thoracic air sac
  • can maintain GA to allow endoscopy
  • can be left 3-5 days if necessary
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9
Q

monitoring reflexes during anaesthesia

A
  • withdrawal reflexes (toe pinch)
  • corneal reflex (maintained during anaesthesia)
  • palpebral reflex (less useful- eye position doesn’t change)
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10
Q

HR monitoring during anaesthesia

A
  • shouldn’t drop below 100bpm in parrots/raptors
  • monitors may need to register above 3-400bpm
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11
Q

capnography

A
  • not validated in birds
  • side stream units with low sampling rates
  • susceptible to hypercapnia
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12
Q

bp during anaesthesia

A
  • psittacine systolic= 90-100mmHg awake, 90-140mmHg under GA
  • <90mmHg give fluid bolus
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13
Q

complications during anaesthesia

A
  • hypoventilation, hypothermia, hypoglycaemia, apnoea
  • RR <4bpm give IPPV at 10-12bpm
  • apnoea= 100% O2, reduce anaesthetic
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14
Q

recovery from anaesthesia

A
  • ventilate with 100% O2
  • swab to remove mucus from oral cavity
  • wrap lightly in towel to avoid feather damage
  • monitor closely until standing
  • eat within 30 mins if <100g
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15
Q

prep for surgery

A
  • avoid hypothermia
  • pluck don’t cut feathers
  • epidermis very thin
  • care with alcohol when prepping site
  • fluid therapy and analgesia important
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16
Q

chlamydia psittaci

A
  • zoonotic
  • C/S conjunctivitis, hepatopthy (birds)
  • C/S flu-like pneumonia (humans)
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17
Q

other avian zoonosis

A
  • salmonellosis, campylobacteriosis, mycobacteriosis, aspergillosis, Newcastle’s disease, avian influenza
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18
Q

causes of GI disease

A
  • infection (fung, bact, viral)
  • parasites (nematodes, cestodes, protozoa)
  • heavy metal toxicity (lead, zinc)
  • malnutrition (vit A)
  • GI obstruction (neoplasia, foreign bodies)
  • crop impaction/stasis/sour crop
  • crop burns (hand-reared parrots)
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19
Q

clinical exam

A
  • weight/body condition
  • dysphagia (head-flicking, yawning)
  • crop enlargement/impaction
  • vom/regurgitation
  • assess faeces (diarrhoea, undigested seeds)
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20
Q

diagnostic techniques for GI disease

A
  • faecal smears, crop wash for cytology
  • faecal flotation for endoparasites
  • culture and sensitivity
  • PCR, serology
  • radiography
  • endoscopy
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21
Q

causes of respiratory disease

A
  • obstruction (aspergillosis, seeds)
  • inhaled toxins
  • infectious
  • parasitic
  • allergic hypersensitivity (macaws)
  • secondary to compression of trachea
22
Q

clinical exam of URT

A
  • nasal/ocular discharge
  • swellings (palpate periorbital area)
  • conjunctivitis
  • sneezing, rhinoliths
  • visualise mouth
23
Q

clinical exam of LRT

A
  • cough, dyspnoea, voice change, weight loss, lethargy, tail bob, anorexia, cyanosis
24
Q

diagnostic techniques for resp disease

A
  • haematology (1% BW)
  • radiography
  • PCR, serology
  • culture
  • endoscopy, biopsy
  • nasal/sinus flush
25
nasal/sinus flush
- bird held upside down - apply syringe nozzle to nostril and flush with warm fluid - should exit via choanal slit and mouth
26
treatment of resp disease
- rule out chlamydia psittaci - nebulisation - air sac tube placement for obstructive dyspnoea
27
reproductive disease
- egg binding and yolk coelomitis
28
predisposing factors for egg binding
- malnutrition, obesity - excessive egg production
29
clinical signs of egg binding
- depression, lethargy, weakness, reduced activity - straining, wide-based stance - dyspnoea - leg paresis - decreased defecation - coelomic distension
30
diagnosis of egg binding
- clinical exam - history - egg may be palpable - radiography - biochemistry (ionised calcium)
31
treatment of egg binding
- fluid therapy - nutritional support (crop feed) - warmth, dark, quiet, oxygen rich environment - lubrication, manual manipulation - ovocentesis, egg collapse - coeliotomy, surgical removal
32
fractures
- must be immobilised - wing fractures= figure of 8 bandage or body wrap - heal quicker than mammals, reptiles - maintain joint function
33
haemorrhage
- broken nails, beaks, trauma - chemical cauterization - electrocautery under GA - broken blood feathers- remove or ligate
34
ring constriction injuries
- remove under GA - need specialist ring cutters or rotating diamond cutting disc
35
overview of parrot husbandry
- natural branches from non-toxic trees can be used for perching - regular bathing/misting important - 12hr day/night cycle (cover, move cage) - UV light important for synthesis of vit D - enrichment important (foragers in wild) - rotate variety of toys
36
parrot diet
- not seed based!!
37
why shouldn't parrots be fed seed based diet?
- high in fat and calories - deficient in vitamins and minerals (A, D, B12, E, K, calcium, iodine - poor calcium : phosphorus ratio - deficient in essential amino acids - poor quality seeds may be contaminated with fungal spores or alfatoxins
38
calcium/vitamin D deficiency in parrots
- nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism (metabolic bone disease) - hypercalcaemia- seizures in African greys - diagnose through radiography - treat with supplementation
39
obesity in parrots
- due to seed diets, lack of exercise - hepatic lipidosis- resp compromise - atherosclerosis- lipid/cholesterol deposits and mineralisation of arterial walls - lipomas (common in budgies)
40
hypovitaminosis A in parrots
- leads to squamous metaplasia of epithelial surfaces (skin, GI tract) - secondary bacterial/fungal respiratory infections - rhinoliths, blunted choanal papillae, salivary gland abscesses - poor feather/skin quality; diarrhoea
41
how to convert parrot from seeds to pellet diet
- mix pellets with seeds and gradually reduce percentage of seeds - limit time seeds offered 15 mins 2x day - place pellets on mirror - disguise pellets - offer from owners plate - hospitalise bird
42
environmental factors to treat feather plucking
- diet change to pellets - increase humidity (spray daily, encourage to bathe, humidifier) - allow max of 12hrs light (cover cage at night) - improve ventilation/no smoking - decrease stress
43
signs of illness in birds
- fluffed up, depressed, sleepy (sick bird syndrome) - change in water or food intake - change in behaviour or activity - change in perching height - tail bobbing, open mouthed breathing - sneezing, voice change - discharge - change in droppings
44
handling of birds
- ensure windows are closed and extractor fans off - don't restrict sternal movement - grab neck with towel first - grab bird of prey by their legs first
45
sick bird nursing
- 30 degrees - will not eat in dark - weigh daily - don't keep sick birds in same air space as other birds
46
crop tubing placement
- metal tube for parrots (prevents biting through) - extend neck and pass tube into left side of mouth, over tongue and into oesophagus - palpate right side base of neck to confirm tube in crop - food should be 38-40 degrees
47
SC injection sites
- inguinal fold - interscapular region
48
intramuscular injection sites
- distal third pectoral muscles - legs
49
intraosseous injection sites
- ulna - tibiotarsus
50
fluid therapy
maintenance requirements= 50-100ml/kg per day (2-4ml/kg/hr) - lactated ringers solution - assume all sick birds 5-10% dehydrated (50-100ml/kg) - give maintenance +1/2 deficit on day 1 and maintenance + rest of deficit over days 2-3
51
microchipping
- distal third pectoral muscle to avoid pectoral artery - direct microchip downwards - tissue glue to close skin

CVNT 2 (33 decks)

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