BIrds Flashcards
1
Q
fasting pre GA
A
- short fasting times to decrease chance of regurgitation but minimise hypoglycaemia
- 2-4hrs parrots, 30 mins budgies
- up to 8hrs for larger birds
2
Q
inhalational anaesthesia rates
A
- iso/sevoflurane
- 5%/8% for induction
- 1-3% isoflurane maintenance
- flow rate= 0.5-1L/min
3
Q
mask to induce anaesthesia
A
- excitable phase (flapping)
- clear mask best
4
Q
ET intubation during anaesthesia
A
- patent airway
- > 100g bird
- uncuffed to prevent pressure necrosis (complete tracheal rings)
5
Q
damage to trachea due to intubation
A
- can cause tracheal mucosal damage/stricture
- keep neck straight
6
Q
positioning during anaesthesia
A
- ventral and dorsal recumbency can decrease ventilation
- lateral recumbency best
- consider IPPV at 6-12bpm
- if procedure >30 mins, reduce gas % due to anaesthesia deepening caused by recirculation of air through sacs
7
Q
waterfowl anaesthesia
A
- use of face mask can stimulate dive reflex
- bradycardia, apnoea
- use injectable agents or intubate
8
Q
air sac perfusion anaesthesia
A
- useful for head surgery or emergency
- ET tube with holes into caudal thoracic air sac
- can maintain GA to allow endoscopy
- can be left 3-5 days if necessary
9
Q
monitoring reflexes during anaesthesia
A
- withdrawal reflexes (toe pinch)
- corneal reflex (maintained during anaesthesia)
- palpebral reflex (less useful- eye position doesn’t change)
10
Q
HR monitoring during anaesthesia
A
- shouldn’t drop below 100bpm in parrots/raptors
- monitors may need to register above 3-400bpm
11
Q
capnography
A
- not validated in birds
- side stream units with low sampling rates
- susceptible to hypercapnia
12
Q
bp during anaesthesia
A
- psittacine systolic= 90-100mmHg awake, 90-140mmHg under GA
- <90mmHg give fluid bolus
13
Q
complications during anaesthesia
A
- hypoventilation, hypothermia, hypoglycaemia, apnoea
- RR <4bpm give IPPV at 10-12bpm
- apnoea= 100% O2, reduce anaesthetic
14
Q
recovery from anaesthesia
A
- ventilate with 100% O2
- swab to remove mucus from oral cavity
- wrap lightly in towel to avoid feather damage
- monitor closely until standing
- eat within 30 mins if <100g
15
Q
prep for surgery
A
- avoid hypothermia
- pluck don’t cut feathers
- epidermis very thin
- care with alcohol when prepping site
- fluid therapy and analgesia important
16
Q
chlamydia psittaci
A
- zoonotic
- C/S conjunctivitis, hepatopthy (birds)
- C/S flu-like pneumonia (humans)
17
Q
other avian zoonosis
A
- salmonellosis, campylobacteriosis, mycobacteriosis, aspergillosis, Newcastle’s disease, avian influenza
18
Q
causes of GI disease
A
- infection (fung, bact, viral)
- parasites (nematodes, cestodes, protozoa)
- heavy metal toxicity (lead, zinc)
- malnutrition (vit A)
- GI obstruction (neoplasia, foreign bodies)
- crop impaction/stasis/sour crop
- crop burns (hand-reared parrots)
19
Q
clinical exam
A
- weight/body condition
- dysphagia (head-flicking, yawning)
- crop enlargement/impaction
- vom/regurgitation
- assess faeces (diarrhoea, undigested seeds)
20
Q
diagnostic techniques for GI disease
A
- faecal smears, crop wash for cytology
- faecal flotation for endoparasites
- culture and sensitivity
- PCR, serology
- radiography
- endoscopy
21
Q
causes of respiratory disease
A
- obstruction (aspergillosis, seeds)
- inhaled toxins
- infectious
- parasitic
- allergic hypersensitivity (macaws)
- secondary to compression of trachea
22
Q
clinical exam of URT
A
- nasal/ocular discharge
- swellings (palpate periorbital area)
- conjunctivitis
- sneezing, rhinoliths
- visualise mouth
23
Q
clinical exam of LRT
A
- cough, dyspnoea, voice change, weight loss, lethargy, tail bob, anorexia, cyanosis
24
Q
diagnostic techniques for resp disease
A
- haematology (1% BW)
- radiography
- PCR, serology
- culture
- endoscopy, biopsy
- nasal/sinus flush
25
Q
nasal/sinus flush
A
- bird held upside down
- apply syringe nozzle to nostril and flush with warm fluid
- should exit via choanal slit and mouth
26
Q
treatment of resp disease
A
- rule out chlamydia psittaci
- nebulisation
- air sac tube placement for obstructive dyspnoea
27
Q
reproductive disease
A
- egg binding and yolk coelomitis
28
Q
predisposing factors for egg binding
A
- malnutrition, obesity
- excessive egg production
29
Q
clinical signs of egg binding
A
- depression, lethargy, weakness, reduced activity
- straining, wide-based stance
- dyspnoea
- leg paresis
- decreased defecation
- coelomic distension
30
Q
diagnosis of egg binding
A
- clinical exam
- history
- egg may be palpable
- radiography
- biochemistry (ionised calcium)
31
Q
treatment of egg binding
A
- fluid therapy
- nutritional support (crop feed)
- warmth, dark, quiet, oxygen rich environment
- lubrication, manual manipulation
- ovocentesis, egg collapse
- coeliotomy, surgical removal
32
Q
fractures
A
- must be immobilised
- wing fractures= figure of 8 bandage or body wrap
- heal quicker than mammals, reptiles
- maintain joint function
33
Q
haemorrhage
A
- broken nails, beaks, trauma
- chemical cauterization
- electrocautery under GA
- broken blood feathers- remove or ligate
34
Q
ring constriction injuries
A
- remove under GA
- need specialist ring cutters or rotating diamond cutting disc
35
Q
overview of parrot husbandry
A
- natural branches from non-toxic trees can be used for perching
- regular bathing/misting important
- 12hr day/night cycle (cover, move cage)
- UV light important for synthesis of vit D
- enrichment important (foragers in wild)
- rotate variety of toys
36
Q
parrot diet
A
- not seed based!!
37
Q
why shouldn’t parrots be fed seed based diet?
A
- high in fat and calories
- deficient in vitamins and minerals (A, D, B12, E, K, calcium, iodine
- poor calcium : phosphorus ratio
- deficient in essential amino acids
- poor quality seeds may be contaminated with fungal spores or alfatoxins
38
Q
calcium/vitamin D deficiency in parrots
A
- nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism (metabolic bone disease)
- hypercalcaemia- seizures in African greys
- diagnose through radiography
- treat with supplementation
39
Q
obesity in parrots
A
- due to seed diets, lack of exercise
- hepatic lipidosis- resp compromise
- atherosclerosis- lipid/cholesterol deposits and mineralisation of arterial walls
- lipomas (common in budgies)
40
Q
hypovitaminosis A in parrots
A
- leads to squamous metaplasia of epithelial surfaces (skin, GI tract)
- secondary bacterial/fungal respiratory infections
- rhinoliths, blunted choanal papillae, salivary gland abscesses
- poor feather/skin quality; diarrhoea
41
Q
how to convert parrot from seeds to pellet diet
A
- mix pellets with seeds and gradually reduce percentage of seeds
- limit time seeds offered 15 mins 2x day
- place pellets on mirror
- disguise pellets
- offer from owners plate
- hospitalise bird
42
Q
environmental factors to treat feather plucking
A
- diet change to pellets
- increase humidity (spray daily, encourage to bathe, humidifier)
- allow max of 12hrs light (cover cage at night)
- improve ventilation/no smoking
- decrease stress
43
Q
signs of illness in birds
A
- fluffed up, depressed, sleepy (sick bird syndrome)
- change in water or food intake
- change in behaviour or activity
- change in perching height
- tail bobbing, open mouthed breathing
- sneezing, voice change
- discharge
- change in droppings
44
Q
handling of birds
A
- ensure windows are closed and extractor fans off
- don’t restrict sternal movement
- grab neck with towel first
- grab bird of prey by their legs first
45
Q
sick bird nursing
A
- 30 degrees
- will not eat in dark
- weigh daily
- don’t keep sick birds in same air space as other birds
46
Q
crop tubing placement
A
- metal tube for parrots (prevents biting through)
- extend neck and pass tube into left side of mouth, over tongue and into oesophagus
- palpate right side base of neck to confirm tube in crop
- food should be 38-40 degrees
47
Q
SC injection sites
A
- inguinal fold
- interscapular region
48
Q
intramuscular injection sites
A
- distal third pectoral muscles
- legs
49
Q
intraosseous injection sites
A
- ulna
- tibiotarsus
50
Q
fluid therapy
A
maintenance requirements= 50-100ml/kg per day (2-4ml/kg/hr)
- lactated ringers solution
- assume all sick birds 5-10% dehydrated (50-100ml/kg)
- give maintenance +1/2 deficit on day 1 and maintenance + rest of deficit over days 2-3
51
Q
microchipping
A
- distal third pectoral muscle to avoid pectoral artery
- direct microchip downwards
- tissue glue to close skin
