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CVNT 2 > BIrds > Flashcards

BIrds Flashcards

1
Q

fasting pre GA

A
  • short fasting times to decrease chance of regurgitation but minimise hypoglycaemia
  • 2-4hrs parrots, 30 mins budgies
  • up to 8hrs for larger birds
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2
Q

inhalational anaesthesia rates

A
  • iso/sevoflurane
  • 5%/8% for induction
  • 1-3% isoflurane maintenance
  • flow rate= 0.5-1L/min
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3
Q

mask to induce anaesthesia

A
  • excitable phase (flapping)
  • clear mask best
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4
Q

ET intubation during anaesthesia

A
  • patent airway
  • > 100g bird
  • uncuffed to prevent pressure necrosis (complete tracheal rings)
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5
Q

damage to trachea due to intubation

A
  • can cause tracheal mucosal damage/stricture
  • keep neck straight
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6
Q

positioning during anaesthesia

A
  • ventral and dorsal recumbency can decrease ventilation
  • lateral recumbency best
  • consider IPPV at 6-12bpm
  • if procedure >30 mins, reduce gas % due to anaesthesia deepening caused by recirculation of air through sacs
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7
Q

waterfowl anaesthesia

A
  • use of face mask can stimulate dive reflex
  • bradycardia, apnoea
  • use injectable agents or intubate
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8
Q

air sac perfusion anaesthesia

A
  • useful for head surgery or emergency
  • ET tube with holes into caudal thoracic air sac
  • can maintain GA to allow endoscopy
  • can be left 3-5 days if necessary
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9
Q

monitoring reflexes during anaesthesia

A
  • withdrawal reflexes (toe pinch)
  • corneal reflex (maintained during anaesthesia)
  • palpebral reflex (less useful- eye position doesn’t change)
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10
Q

HR monitoring during anaesthesia

A
  • shouldn’t drop below 100bpm in parrots/raptors
  • monitors may need to register above 3-400bpm
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11
Q

capnography

A
  • not validated in birds
  • side stream units with low sampling rates
  • susceptible to hypercapnia
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12
Q

bp during anaesthesia

A
  • psittacine systolic= 90-100mmHg awake, 90-140mmHg under GA
  • <90mmHg give fluid bolus
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13
Q

complications during anaesthesia

A
  • hypoventilation, hypothermia, hypoglycaemia, apnoea
  • RR <4bpm give IPPV at 10-12bpm
  • apnoea= 100% O2, reduce anaesthetic
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14
Q

recovery from anaesthesia

A
  • ventilate with 100% O2
  • swab to remove mucus from oral cavity
  • wrap lightly in towel to avoid feather damage
  • monitor closely until standing
  • eat within 30 mins if <100g
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15
Q

prep for surgery

A
  • avoid hypothermia
  • pluck don’t cut feathers
  • epidermis very thin
  • care with alcohol when prepping site
  • fluid therapy and analgesia important
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16
Q

chlamydia psittaci

A
  • zoonotic
  • C/S conjunctivitis, hepatopthy (birds)
  • C/S flu-like pneumonia (humans)
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17
Q

other avian zoonosis

A
  • salmonellosis, campylobacteriosis, mycobacteriosis, aspergillosis, Newcastle’s disease, avian influenza
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18
Q

causes of GI disease

A
  • infection (fung, bact, viral)
  • parasites (nematodes, cestodes, protozoa)
  • heavy metal toxicity (lead, zinc)
  • malnutrition (vit A)
  • GI obstruction (neoplasia, foreign bodies)
  • crop impaction/stasis/sour crop
  • crop burns (hand-reared parrots)
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19
Q

clinical exam

A
  • weight/body condition
  • dysphagia (head-flicking, yawning)
  • crop enlargement/impaction
  • vom/regurgitation
  • assess faeces (diarrhoea, undigested seeds)
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20
Q

diagnostic techniques for GI disease

A
  • faecal smears, crop wash for cytology
  • faecal flotation for endoparasites
  • culture and sensitivity
  • PCR, serology
  • radiography
  • endoscopy
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21
Q

causes of respiratory disease

A
  • obstruction (aspergillosis, seeds)
  • inhaled toxins
  • infectious
  • parasitic
  • allergic hypersensitivity (macaws)
  • secondary to compression of trachea
22
Q

clinical exam of URT

A
  • nasal/ocular discharge
  • swellings (palpate periorbital area)
  • conjunctivitis
  • sneezing, rhinoliths
  • visualise mouth
23
Q

clinical exam of LRT

A
  • cough, dyspnoea, voice change, weight loss, lethargy, tail bob, anorexia, cyanosis
24
Q

diagnostic techniques for resp disease

A
  • haematology (1% BW)
  • radiography
  • PCR, serology
  • culture
  • endoscopy, biopsy
  • nasal/sinus flush
25
Q

nasal/sinus flush

A
  • bird held upside down
  • apply syringe nozzle to nostril and flush with warm fluid
  • should exit via choanal slit and mouth
26
Q

treatment of resp disease

A
  • rule out chlamydia psittaci
  • nebulisation
  • air sac tube placement for obstructive dyspnoea
27
Q

reproductive disease

A
  • egg binding and yolk coelomitis
28
Q

predisposing factors for egg binding

A
  • malnutrition, obesity
  • excessive egg production
29
Q

clinical signs of egg binding

A
  • depression, lethargy, weakness, reduced activity
  • straining, wide-based stance
  • dyspnoea
  • leg paresis
  • decreased defecation
  • coelomic distension
30
Q

diagnosis of egg binding

A
  • clinical exam
  • history
  • egg may be palpable
  • radiography
  • biochemistry (ionised calcium)
31
Q

treatment of egg binding

A
  • fluid therapy
  • nutritional support (crop feed)
  • warmth, dark, quiet, oxygen rich environment
  • lubrication, manual manipulation
  • ovocentesis, egg collapse
  • coeliotomy, surgical removal
32
Q

fractures

A
  • must be immobilised
  • wing fractures= figure of 8 bandage or body wrap
  • heal quicker than mammals, reptiles
  • maintain joint function
33
Q

haemorrhage

A
  • broken nails, beaks, trauma
  • chemical cauterization
  • electrocautery under GA
  • broken blood feathers- remove or ligate
34
Q

ring constriction injuries

A
  • remove under GA
  • need specialist ring cutters or rotating diamond cutting disc
35
Q

overview of parrot husbandry

A
  • natural branches from non-toxic trees can be used for perching
  • regular bathing/misting important
  • 12hr day/night cycle (cover, move cage)
  • UV light important for synthesis of vit D
  • enrichment important (foragers in wild)
    • rotate variety of toys
36
Q

parrot diet

A
  • not seed based!!
37
Q

why shouldn’t parrots be fed seed based diet?

A
  • high in fat and calories
  • deficient in vitamins and minerals (A, D, B12, E, K, calcium, iodine
  • poor calcium : phosphorus ratio
  • deficient in essential amino acids
  • poor quality seeds may be contaminated with fungal spores or alfatoxins
38
Q

calcium/vitamin D deficiency in parrots

A
  • nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism (metabolic bone disease)
  • hypercalcaemia- seizures in African greys
  • diagnose through radiography
  • treat with supplementation
39
Q

obesity in parrots

A
  • due to seed diets, lack of exercise
  • hepatic lipidosis- resp compromise
  • atherosclerosis- lipid/cholesterol deposits and mineralisation of arterial walls
  • lipomas (common in budgies)
40
Q

hypovitaminosis A in parrots

A
  • leads to squamous metaplasia of epithelial surfaces (skin, GI tract)
  • secondary bacterial/fungal respiratory infections
  • rhinoliths, blunted choanal papillae, salivary gland abscesses
  • poor feather/skin quality; diarrhoea
41
Q

how to convert parrot from seeds to pellet diet

A
  • mix pellets with seeds and gradually reduce percentage of seeds
  • limit time seeds offered 15 mins 2x day
  • place pellets on mirror
  • disguise pellets
  • offer from owners plate
  • hospitalise bird
42
Q

environmental factors to treat feather plucking

A
  • diet change to pellets
  • increase humidity (spray daily, encourage to bathe, humidifier)
  • allow max of 12hrs light (cover cage at night)
  • improve ventilation/no smoking
  • decrease stress
43
Q

signs of illness in birds

A
  • fluffed up, depressed, sleepy (sick bird syndrome)
  • change in water or food intake
  • change in behaviour or activity
  • change in perching height
  • tail bobbing, open mouthed breathing
  • sneezing, voice change
  • discharge
  • change in droppings
44
Q

handling of birds

A
  • ensure windows are closed and extractor fans off
  • don’t restrict sternal movement
  • grab neck with towel first
  • grab bird of prey by their legs first
45
Q

sick bird nursing

A
  • 30 degrees
  • will not eat in dark
  • weigh daily
  • don’t keep sick birds in same air space as other birds
46
Q

crop tubing placement

A
  • metal tube for parrots (prevents biting through)
  • extend neck and pass tube into left side of mouth, over tongue and into oesophagus
  • palpate right side base of neck to confirm tube in crop
  • food should be 38-40 degrees
47
Q

SC injection sites

A
  • inguinal fold
  • interscapular region
48
Q

intramuscular injection sites

A
  • distal third pectoral muscles
  • legs
49
Q

intraosseous injection sites

A
  • ulna
  • tibiotarsus
50
Q

fluid therapy

A

maintenance requirements= 50-100ml/kg per day (2-4ml/kg/hr)
- lactated ringers solution
- assume all sick birds 5-10% dehydrated (50-100ml/kg)
- give maintenance +1/2 deficit on day 1 and maintenance + rest of deficit over days 2-3

51
Q

microchipping

A
  • distal third pectoral muscle to avoid pectoral artery
  • direct microchip downwards
  • tissue glue to close skin

CVNT 2 (33 decks)

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