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CVNT 2 > Equine alimentary diseases and surgery > Flashcards

Equine alimentary diseases and surgery Flashcards

1
Q

colic

A

abdominal pain

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2
Q

colic clinical signs

A
  • rolling
  • pawing
  • flank watching
  • lip curling
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3
Q

clinical exam of cardiovascular status

A
  • HR, rhythm
  • resp rate, temp
  • PCV, total protein, lactate
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4
Q

clinical exam of abdomen

A
  • auscultation (divide into 4 quadrants)
  • transabdominal ballottement (foals)
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5
Q

clinical exam of rectum

A
  • distention, impaction, displacement
  • can only feel part of abdomen
  • risk of tear
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6
Q

colic clinical exams

A
  • cardiovascular status
  • abdominal exam
  • rectal exam
  • stomach tube
  • ultrasound
  • abdominoparacentesis
  • gastroscopy
  • faecal exam
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7
Q

stomach tubing for colic

A

gastric overfilling due to obstruction of SI

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8
Q

mouth exam for dental disease

A
  • watch horse eat
  • palpate
  • sedate, mouth gag
  • wash out
  • torch, mirror
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9
Q

oesophageal obstruction/choke causes

A
  • bad luck
  • eating too fast
  • dry food
  • poor dentition
  • mass
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10
Q

clinical signs of choke

A
  • neck extended
  • food discharge from nose, cough, gag
  • over time= dehydrated, acid/base imbalance, weight loss
  • aspiration pneumonia
    can lead to= rupture, stricture due to scar tissue, diverticulum long term (pouch)
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11
Q

diagnosis of choke

A
  • auscultation
  • cardiovascular parameters (TPR)
  • bloods
  • gastroscopy
  • ultrasound/radiography
  • stomach tube (naso-oesophageal)
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12
Q

choke treatment

A
  • relieve obstruction without causing damage or aspiration
  • sedate so head is low, reducing risk of aspiration
  • stomach tube, lavage
  • check obstruction cleared with gastroscope
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13
Q

gastroduodenal ulceration

A
  • inflammation, erosion, ulceration
  • grades 0-4
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14
Q

gastroduodenal ulceration causes

A
  • imbalance between inciting and protective factors
    inciting factors: HCl, bile acids, pepsin
    protective factors: mucosal blood flow, prostoglandin E, epidermal growth factor production
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15
Q

gastroduodenal ulceration risk factors

A
  • empty stomach, exercise (splashing of gastric juices), diet, stress, NSAIDs
  • ## feed before exercise
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16
Q

gastroduodenal ulceration clinical signs

A

none -> a lot
- poor appetite, recurrent colic, tooth grinding, dog sitting, poor performance

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17
Q

gastroduodenal ulceration diagnosis

A

gastroscopy
- difficult in foals (size of nostril)

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18
Q

gastroduodenal ulceration treatment

A
  • depends on cause/adult v foal
  • adults= omeprazole
  • foals= sucralfate
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19
Q

gastric dilation and rupture causes

A
  • primary, secondary, idiopathic
    primary= impaction, grain engorgement
    secondary= SI or LI obstruction, ileus (inability to contract)
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20
Q

gastric dilation and rupture clinical signs

A
  • overfilling of stomach
  • acute colic
  • tachycardia
  • fluid from nose (just before rupture)
  • dehydration
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21
Q

gastric dilation and rupture diagnosis

A
  • clinical signs
  • stomach tube/reflux
  • colic work up
  • gastroscopy
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22
Q

gastric dilation and rupture treatment

A
  • stomach tube (immediately)
  • treat underlying cause
  • Iv fluids, nutrition
  • electrolyte balance maintenance
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23
Q

anterior enteritis

A
  • inflammatory disease affecting proximal SI
  • also called duodentitis-proximal jejunitis
  • undetermined cause
    risk factor- recent diet change
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24
Q

anterior enteritis clinical signs

A
  • hypersecretion in proximal SI
  • inflammation causes function ileus
    • no muscular propulsion
  • distended SI and stomach
  • pyrexia
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25
Q

anterior enteritis diagnosis

A
  • colic investigation
  • raised protein levels in peritoneal fluid
  • reflux/stomach tube
  • culture of reflux
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26
Q

anterior enteritis treatment

A
  • repeated gastric decompression
  • antibiotics (penicillin, gentamicin)
  • Iv fluids/nutrition
  • ex lap= SI decompression
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27
Q

malabsorption and maldigestion of SI

A
  • many types of inflammatory type diseases can cause it
    clinical signs: weight loss
28
Q

SI malabsorption and maldigestion diagnosis

A
  • abdominoparacentisis
  • ultrasound
  • oral glucose tolerance test (doesn’t absorb so levels stay low)
  • laparoscopic biopsy
29
Q

SI malabsorption and maldigestion treatment

A
  • depends on diagnosis and cause
  • possible resection, corticosteroids
30
Q

SI simple obstruction def and causes

A

simple= obstruction of lumen without vascular comprimise
- food (ileal hypertrophy)
- tapeworm swells junction between ileum and caecum and causes blockage of food
- ascarid impaction (worms block the lumen)

31
Q

SI strangulation def and causes

A

simultaneous occlusion of intestinal lumen and blood supply
- pedunculated lipoma (attached to mesentry)
- epiploic foramen entrapment
- SI volvulus (twist)
- mesenteric rent (hole)
- inguinal/diaphragnatic hernia
- intussusception

32
Q

SI obstruction leads to…

A
  • gastric overfilling (risks rupture)
  • deterioration of intestinal mucosa
  • intestine dies
  • sepsis
  • endotoxaemia
33
Q

SI obstruction clinical signs

A
  • colic (severe as gut dies, eases when gut dead)
  • reflux
  • tachycardia
  • hypovolaemia
  • distended SI on rectal exam
  • peritoneal fluid= serosanguinous, protein, lactate
34
Q

SI obstruction treatment

A
  • surgery or euthanasia
  • rarely, ileal impaction can clear
35
Q

caecum simple obstruction

A
  • caecal impaction
    primary or secondary:
  • primary= underlying motility disorder
  • secondary= young horses after painful orthopaedic procedures
36
Q

caecal impaction clinical signs

A
  • colic
  • can just rupture
  • lower faecal output
  • looks sad
37
Q

caecal impaction diagnosis

A
  • clinical signs/history
  • rectal exam
  • abdominoparacentesis
38
Q

caecal impaction treatment

A
  • medically if possible
  • oral/Iv fluids
  • surgery (typhlotomy or caecal bypass)
39
Q

caecal intussusception

A
  • inflammation secondary to tapeworm
  • clinical signs: colic
40
Q

caecal intussusception diagnosis

A
  • rectal
  • ultrasound (potential donut)
  • peritoneal fluid (could be normal)
41
Q

LI obstruction examples

A

simple- impaction, displacement
strangulating- torsion

42
Q

LI impaction def and causes

A
  • usually at pelvic flexure
  • blockage of food material
    causes: poor teeth, long fibre, motility disorder, box rest, sand
43
Q

LI impaction clinical signs

A
  • mild colic (can be chronic)
  • reduced faecal output
44
Q

LI impaction diagnosis

A
  • clinical signs
  • rectal
45
Q

LI impaction treatment

A
  • oral fluids and cathartics (pull more water into gut)
  • analgesia
  • eventually surgery
46
Q

LI displacement

A
  • gases up and travels to the wrong place
  • can correct itself, remain displaced or torse
47
Q

LI displacement diagnosis

A
  • rectal
  • ultrasound
  • abdominoparacentesis
48
Q

LI displacement treatment

A
  • fluids
  • analgesia
  • for nephrosplenic entrapment= phenylepherine then lunge (shrinks spleen)
  • surgery
49
Q

LI torsion clinical signs

A
  • strangulation
  • extreme pain
  • distended abdomen
  • respiratory compromise
50
Q

LI torsion treatment

A

immediate surgery

51
Q

acute inflammatory LI diarrhoea causes

A
  • salmonellosis
  • colitis
  • parasites
  • neoplasia
52
Q

acute non-inflammatory LI diarrhoea causes

A
  • excitement
  • food hypersensitivity
  • toxicity
53
Q

LI diarrhoea diagnosis

A
  • cardiovascular parameters
  • rectal
  • ultrasound
  • abdominoparacentesis
54
Q

LI diarrhoea treatment

A
  • hydration
  • electrolytes
  • anti-endotoxic
  • treat underlying cause
  • plasma
  • TAKE CARE OF THEM (spend time with them, clean up)
55
Q

small colon impaction

A
  • foreign body (plastic bag)
  • difficult to diagnose (diarrhoea and colic)
56
Q

peritonitis

A
  • inflammation of peritoneal cavity
57
Q

colic clinical signs that indicate surgery

A
  • severe behavioural signs despite analgesia
  • absence of faeces
  • HR >60
  • poor MM colour
  • reduced/no gut sounds on auscultation
  • rectal= distention, displacement
  • increased PCV, protein, lactate
  • positive reflux (>2L)
  • ultrasound= distended intestines
  • discoloured, turbid peritoneal fluid
58
Q

prep of horse for colic surgery

A
  • jugular catheter placement
  • decompress stomach with nasogastric tube
  • admin of analgesia
  • iv fluids to support circulation
  • clip abdomen
  • remove shoes/tape feet
  • rinse mouth
59
Q

SI strangulation obstruction

A
  • maroon -> purple -> black
  • mucosa becomes permeable to endotoxin which leaks into peritoneal cavity and circulation
  • can cause ileus
60
Q

post op care of colic patient

A
  • colic check/exam every 2-4 hours
  • analgesia
  • antimicrobials
  • IV fluids
  • belly bandage
  • monitor for complications
  • nasogastric intubation to check for reflux
61
Q

potential post op complications of colic

A
  • pain
  • pyrexia
  • laminitis (secondary to endotoxaemia)
62
Q

post op feeding of colic patient

A
  • significant reflux= nil by mouth, Iv fluids
  • when reflux has ceased, begin with small vol of water (5cm depth bucket)
  • grass is good first solid food, then gradually introduce hay
  • return to normal vol over 3 days
63
Q

post op exercise for colic patient

A
  • box rest for 6 weeks with short hand walks
  • ensure no incisional problems
  • turn out in small paddock at 6 weeks
  • ridden exercise can take place after 3 months
64
Q

endotoxaemia as post op complication

A
  • tachycardia/pnoea
  • pyrexia -> hypothermia
  • hyperaemic MM -> dark purple
  • colic signs, dullness
65
Q

ileus as post op complication

A
  • nasogastric intubation, gastric decompression
  • IV fluids, supplement with electrolytes if needed
66
Q

jugular thrombophelbitis as post op complication

A
  • remove catheter
  • anti-flamm treatment
  • thrombolytics (aspirin)
  • antibiotics?
67
Q

long term complications of post op colic patient

A

adhesions

CVNT 2 (33 decks)

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