Equine urinary tract Flashcards
1
Q
urinary tract disorders
A
- PU/PD
- pigmenturia
- renal disease
- neoplasia
- urolithiasis
- urinary tract infection
- developmental disorders
2
Q
history taking
A
- abnormal urination?
- abnormal colour?
- polyuria? (increased vol)
- pollakuria? (increased freq)
- polydipsia (>100ml/kg/day)
3
Q
clinical exam
A
- rectal to feel bladder:
- size, wall thickness, uroliths, masses
- examine penis under sedation
- pass catheter if obstruction is suspected
4
Q
blood tests
A
haematology:
- WBC count for evidence of leukocytosis
- RBC count for evidence of anaemia
urea/creatinine:
- azotaemia
- doesn’t increase until >75% nephrons non-functional
5
Q
urinalysis
A
- free catch sample or catheter
- no cystocentesis in horses
- USG, biochemistry (dipstick), sediment
6
Q
hyposthenuria
A
- urine that is more dilute than serum
<1.008 - foals usually have dilute urine
7
Q
isothenuria
A
- urine that has similar osmolarity to serum
1.008-1.014
8
Q
water deprivation test
A
- tests for diabetes insipidus and psychogenic polydipsia
1. weigh horse
2. check urea, creatinine, USG - don’t proceed if USG >1.008
3. water removed and tests done regularly
4. stop after 24hrs, USG >1.020, azotaemia, signs of dehydration, loss of 5% BW
9
Q
pigmenturia causes
A
- myoglobin (muscle breakdown)
- haemoglobin (RBC breakdown)
- haematuria
- start of urination (distal urethra)
- end of urination (proximal urethra)
- throughout urination (kidneys, ureters, bladder)
10
Q
PU and PD causes
A
- renal failure
- PPID
- primary/psychogenic polydipsia
- diabetes insipidus/mellitus
11
Q
acute renal failure
A
- associated with abrupt reduction in glomerular filtration
- leads to failure of excretion of nitrogenous waste causing azotaemia (uraemic syndrome)
12
Q
pre-renal causes of acute renal failure
A
- decreased renal perfusion from conditions causing decreased cardiac output/increased renal vascular resistance
(dehydration, diarrhoea)
13
Q
intra-renal causes of acute renal failure
A
- ischaemic or toxic damage to tubules
- obstruction of tubules
- acute glomerulonephritis
- inflammation)
14
Q
post-renal causes of acute renal failure
A
- obstruction or disruption of urinary outflow tract
15
Q
clinical signs of acute renal failure
A
- lethargy
- inappetence
- dehydration
- oliguria