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CVNT 2 > Equine reproduction > Flashcards

Equine reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

horse breeding year

A
  • spring to autumn cycle (brought on by longer days)
  • mares are seasonally polyoestrus
  • 21 day cycle
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2
Q

when to plan for a mare to foal

A

late spring/summer
- foal can grown before winter
- mares and foals are easiest maintained at grass

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3
Q

how long is mare pregnancy

A

320-370 days
- 310-325 days= premature
- nonviable before 310 days

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4
Q

UK thoroughbred breeding year

A
  • they race against other 2&3 year olds in their same calender year
  • those born soonest after jan 1st will be more mature and have an advantage
  • mares covered from valentines day and manipulated to cycle early with light and drugs
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5
Q

pre-breeding checks before arrival at stud

A
  • general health (strangles, clin exam)
  • reproductive health (clitoral fossa and sinus swab)
    • submitted in amies charcoal
    • labelled with name, date, time, site
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6
Q

pre-breeding checks at stud

A
  • endometrial swabs
  • ultrasound of ovaries (follicle development)
  • ultrasound of uterus (free fluid, cysts)
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7
Q

teasing

A

to test if mare is in season
- care needed if previous foal is present (foal at foot)
- teaser usually low value, pony stallion (less consequence if injured, cheap to keep)
- may cover nanny mares to keep him interested

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8
Q

oestrus behaviour- mare

A
  • lifts tail
  • winking of vulva
  • squirts urine
  • wide legged stance
  • acceptance of male presence and attention (no kicking)
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9
Q

oestrus behaviour-stallion

A
  • phlemen posture (increases exposure of pheromones)
  • sniffs, muzzles then bites hindlimbs and perineum
  • drops penis, becomes erect
  • if permitted will cover mare
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10
Q

oestrus ultrasound

A
  • determines the best time to cover (less covers needed to be successful)
  • large follicle (5cm)
  • uterine oedema
  • no free fluid in uterus
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11
Q

cervix during oestrus

A
  • clean with warm soapy water only
  • visualise with speculum and torch
    oestrus- red, engorged, saggy
    dioestrus- pale, small, tight
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12
Q

natural covering- in hand

A
  • a must for thoroughbreds, AI not permissible to be registered
  • stallion walked to mare from behind and allowed to greet
  • stallion handler may palpate ventral penis for ejaculation
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13
Q

safety for mare and stallion during covering

A

mare: wither guard, hobbles, bridle, twitch, boots, tail bandage
stallion: bridle, lunge line, foot boots

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14
Q

after covering…

A

tease or ultrasound scan following day
- if still in oestrus: cover again
- if not in oestrus: tease again after 18 days, ultrasound from 12 days

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15
Q

unassisted covering

A
  • in herd or living in herd, common with native breeds
  • timings determined by horses
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16
Q

semen for AI

A

fresh semen- local stallion
chilled semen- stallion in same country
frozen semen- global possible

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17
Q

semen collection for AI

A
  • train stallion to dummy
  • soak towel in urine from mare in season to encourage
  • stand in season mare nearby
18
Q

artificial vagina

A
  • filled with water slightly higher than body temp (38 degrees)
  • lined, lubricated, insulated
  • filters gel from semen
19
Q

artificial insemination

A
  • insemination occurs when large follicle seen on ultrasound
  • fixed time insemination can be used if ovulation is induced
  • dose with 100-500 X10^6 sperm
20
Q

post covering/AI management

A

removal of free fluid associated with semen
- lavage with sterile saline
- induce uterine contraction
- encourage movement
vulvoplasty caslicks proceedure
- prevents ascending infection

21
Q

embryo transfer

A
  • 7-10 day blastocyst
  • collect from donor mare to transfer to recipient mare
22
Q

pregnancy diagnosis

A
  • ultrasound scan from 12 days (beware twins this early)
  • failure to return to oestrus at 21 days
  • blood sample from 60 days (PMSG)
  • blood sample from 120 days (oestrone sulphate)
  • urine sample from 120 days (placental oestrogens)
23
Q

twins

A
  • usually not identical
  • rarely survive to full term
    • aborted between 5-7 months when demands exceed placental surface area capacity to provide required nutrients and oxygen
24
Q

pinching of twins

A
  • if twins identified, pinching is necessary to terminate one or both
  • must terminate before endometrial cups sustain pregnancy (d. 35)
  • prostaglandin given to terminate whole pregnancy if pinching unsuccessful
25
Q

signs of imminent foaling

A
  • udder development (dripping milk, increase in calcium levels through electrolyte monitoring)
  • vulva relaxes
  • sweating
26
Q

foaling

A
  • usually rapid and uncomplicated
  • survival requires rapid identification and resolution of complications
  • c-sections possible under GA
27
Q

stage 1 labour

A
  • 1- 4hrs
  • foal enters pelvic canal stimulating dilation of cervix and vulva
  • uterine contractions of increasing strength from tip to cervix
28
Q

stage 1 labour behaviour

A
  • restlessness
  • looking at abdomen
  • sweating
  • frequent urination
29
Q

what to do during stage 1 labour

A
  • wash perineum
  • bandage tail
  • reverse caslicks (cut through tissue that was previously sutured)
30
Q

stage 2 labour

A
  • 15 mins
  • allantois ruptures at cervical star releasing fluids
  • strong contractions from uterus and voluntary abdominal contractions
  • amnion visible with foal inside
  • shoulder and body expelled
  • hindlimbs retained and mare rests
  • blood returns from placenta to foal
31
Q

stage 3 labour

A
  • <3 hrs
  • uterine contractions invert placenta and expels it and lochia (fluid)
  • if longer than 3hrs seek urgent advice
32
Q

placenta 6 layers

A

fetal layers:
1. chorionic capillary endothelium
2. chorionic connective tissue
3. chorionic epithelium
maternal layers:
4. endometrial epithelium
5. uterine connective tissue
6. uterine capillary endothelium
- non-deciduate (fetal and maternal layers seperate)
- diffuse (villi spread over virtually all the placenta)

33
Q

placenta care

A
  • ensure passed in entirety
  • collect from stable before traumatised
  • examine both surfaces
  • distension with fluid possible if no tears
    • shows complete removal
34
Q

dystocia

A

once allantochorion ruptures:
- no amnion or foal at vulva within 5 mins
- no strong contractions within 10 mins
- no progression of foal made over 5 min period

35
Q

dystocia options

A
  • vaginal assisted delivery
  • refer if no progress in 5 mins or foal not out in 30 mins
  • c-section
  • embryotomy
  • euthanasia
    determined by cost, live/dead foal
36
Q

controlled vaginal delivery

A
  • hindlimbs raised so foal moves further up the abdomen allowing vet to reposition foal
  • nurse team prepare mare for c-section as last case scenario
37
Q

c-section

A
  • elective (90% mare and foal survival)
  • emergency (survival related to time of onset of stage 2 labour)
38
Q

foal 1, 2, 3 rule

A

1: foal stands within 1hr
2: suckles within 2hrs
3: placenta passed within 3hrs

39
Q

passport legislation

A
  • all horses born since 2005 require passport
  • all horses must be microchipped
40
Q

passport

A
  • unique 15 digit number given to each horse
    required to:
  • travel with horse
  • sell horse
  • slaughter horse
41
Q

microchip placement

A
  • into nuchal ligament
    1. scan neck to ensure not placed already
    2. scan chip to ensure correct number
    3. insert
    4. scan neck to ensure in situ

CVNT 2 (33 decks)

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