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CVNT 2 > Exotics > Flashcards

Exotics Flashcards

1
Q

reptile key anatomy

A
  • regulate body temp externally
  • chelonia shell has nerves and blood supply
  • no diaphragm
  • air is drawn in by body movement
  • single body cavity (coelom)
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2
Q

assessing the reptile

A
  • hide illness well
  • weight (environment dependant)
  • resp rate (difficult to see)
  • defecation/urination
  • activity
  • shedding
  • environmental temp
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3
Q

blood sampling of lizards

A
  • ventral tail vein (advance until you hit bone then pull back a bit)
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4
Q

blood sampling of snakes

A
  • ventral tail vein (tricky)
  • cardio-centesis
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5
Q

blood sampling of chelonia

A
  • right jugular
  • subvertebral sinus (underneath dorsal shell)
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6
Q

fluid therapy of chelonia

A
  • soaking
  • oral
  • intracoelomic
  • epicoelomic (cranial insertion above plastron)
  • subcutaneous
  • Iv
  • intraosseous
  • 10-30ml/kg/day
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7
Q

assisted feeding

A
  • stomach tube/oesophagostomy tube
  • electrolytes and amino acids
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8
Q

analgesia

A
  • difficult to assess
  • NSAIDs and opiates
  • meloxicam usually safe (ensure hydrated)
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9
Q

parasites

A
  • wet prep or faecal floatation
  • worms (ascarids and strongyles)
  • protozoa (flagellates and ciliates)
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10
Q

common medical presentations

A
  • anorexia (environmental)
  • impaction
  • metabolic bone disease
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11
Q

metabolic bone disease

A
  • imbalance between Ca and PO and lack of vit D3
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12
Q

clinical signs of metabolic bone disease

A
  • shell deformity
  • fractures
  • rubber jaw
  • weakness
  • muscle tremors/seizures
  • bones not as dense on x-ray
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13
Q

metabolic bone disease treatment

A
  • UV light
  • Ca and vit D supplementation
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14
Q

abscesses

A
  • usually solid
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15
Q

dysecdysis

A
  • difficult shedding
    snakes- retained spectacle
  • provide humidity
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16
Q

mouth rot

A
  • usually caused by shedding disease
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17
Q

what is an exotic animal?

A

animals that don’t fit into other categories
- small mammals, reptiles, amphibians, fish
- anything not farm animal, equine, dogs or cats

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18
Q

the exotic consult

A
  • ideally 30 mins, at least 20 mins
  • often need to do diagnostics, consult literature
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19
Q

communication with owner before consult

A
  • advise on transport
  • request faecal sample
  • food
  • photos of home environment
  • pre-consult questionnaire
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20
Q

transport (rabbits/rodents, reptiles, snakes, birds, birds of prey, fish)

A
  • rabbits/rodents= standard box/carrier
  • reptiles= provide heating (hot water bottle)
  • snakes= pillow case
  • birds= cages
  • birds of prey= travel box or on hand
  • fish= double plastic bag in water proof box, bring second bag of water
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21
Q

housing for exotics

A
  • birds= heated tank (30*C)
  • reptiles= vivarium
  • rabbits- avoid predators, temp (<22*C)
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22
Q

first aid

A
  • ABC’s
  • stop any haemorrhage
  • warmth for birds and reptiles
  • oxygen supplementation (not reptiles)
  • analgesia
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23
Q

chlamydophila psittaci

A
  • carried by birds, intracellular bacteria
  • air born, bodily fluids
  • affected birds present with systemic signs or symptomless
  • causes flu like symptoms in ppl
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24
Q

mycobacterium spp

A

fish tuberculosis

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25
Q

mycobacterium spp symptoms

A
  • local non healing ulcers
  • reduced appetite, weight loss, body deformities
  • causes localised lesions in people
    • aquarists nodule
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26
Q

mycobacterium spp prevention

A
  • cover any wounds with waterproof bandage and gloves
  • wash hands well
  • wash fish equipment in separate sinks
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27
Q

dermatophytosis

A
  • fungal infection (ringworm)
  • spread through contact
  • trichophyton mentagrophytes
  • causes scaly itchy patches in ppl
  • common in hedgehogs
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28
Q

salmonella

A
  • causes GI upset, can lead to septicaemia
  • common in reptiles
  • part of gut flora in captive reptiles (normal)
  • shed in faeces
  • always assume animal is positive
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29
Q

routes of euthanasia in mammals

A
  • Iv or into liver/kidney
  • rabbit= ear vein
  • rodents/ferrets= cranial vena cava
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30
Q

routes of euthanasia in reptiles (snakes, lizards, chelonia)

A
  • Iv then pith (needle into brain)
  • snake= intracardiac or liver
  • lizard= tail vein (cran. vena cava in small species)
  • chelonia= jugular or subcarapacial sinus
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31
Q

routes of anaesthesia in birds

A
  • gaseous anaesthesia then iv jugular/tibiotarsal vein (in larger birds) or into liver
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32
Q

routes of euthanasia in fish

A
  • anaesthesia followed by pentobarbitone injection/severing spinal cord behind gill covers
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33
Q

prep for surgery

A
  • pre-empt problems
    • blood loss, catheter, prep fluids
    • heat loss, avoid alcohol use (cools body)
    • apnoea- pre-oxygenation
  • clipping
    • skin may tear easily (rabbits)
  • raise chest when positioning for surgery
34
Q

hypoglycaemia as post-op complication

A
  • high metabolism
  • if not eating post-op, check blood glucose
  • syringe feed
35
Q

gut stasis as post-op complication

A
  • encourage to eat asap after surgery
  • syringe feed
  • prokinetics (ranitidine)
  • analgesia
  • monitor for droppings, may not produce any for 24hrs
36
Q

suturing in small mammals

A
  • absorbable monofilaments are best
    • monocryl, caprosyn
  • avoid catgut (esp rabbits)- causes pyo-granulomatous reaction as it dissolves
  • buried skin suture as may chew out
  • tissue glue?
37
Q

wound care

A
  • difficult to keep dressings on
  • tissue glue preferable
  • buried sutures
  • clean, dry bedding, avoid hay and straw initially (vetbed)
38
Q

support for reptiles under GA

A
  • breathe by means of skeletal muscle movement so need resp support under GA
    • IPPV, ventilator, body temp
39
Q

anaesthetic monitoring of reptiles

A
  • difficult (can’t monitor breathing cause ventilator)
  • doppler probe to monitor HR
  • capnograph
40
Q

prep for surgery- reptiles

A
  • iodine/chlorohexadine needs times to soak between scales
  • alcohol not recommended (cooling effect)
  • clear plastic drape to visualise patient
41
Q

post-op recovery- reptiles

A
  • gradually reduce resp rate (1bpm)
    • breathing stimulated by low O2 not high CO2
  • oxygen too high= won’t breathe
42
Q

general surgical techniques

A
  • incision made between scales
  • wound closed with monofilament
  • sutures are everting suture pattern (scales curl in)
  • avoid cat gut/polyfilament due to tissue reaction
43
Q

key anatomical features of rabbits

A
  • light skeleton, powerful hind legs
  • nasal breather, larynx not easily visible
  • open rooted teeth
  • can’t vomit, stomach never truly empties
  • coprophagia (re-eating droppings)
  • male has open inguinal canal
  • female has 2 cervixes
  • venous plexus behind eyes (increased bp can cause protrusion)
44
Q

assessing the rabbit

A
  • posture
  • HR (rapid)
  • RR (fast and shallow)
  • temp (38.3-39.4)
  • weight
  • droppings (round and plump)
45
Q

hospital environment for rabbits

A
  • non slip floor
  • correct temp (suffer from heat stress)
  • no predators
  • companions
  • out of cage exercise
46
Q

blood sampling in rabbits

A
  • lateral saphenous
  • marginal ear vein (small samples)
  • cephalic
  • jugular (need good restrain)
    volume= max 10ml/kg
47
Q

pain medications in rabbits

A

NSAIDs= meloxicam (unless dehydrated)
opioids= buprenorphine

48
Q

fluid therapy in rabbits

A
  • crystalloids are first choice
  • colloids can be used to increase bp in hypovolaemia
  • blood transfusion
49
Q

fluid maintenance rate in rabbits

A

100ml/kg/24hrs
- double dogs and cats

50
Q

buster collars in rabbits

A
  • stressful
  • coprophagia
  • can still chew through fluid lines
51
Q

syringe feeding in rabbits

A
  • 1ml syringe (end cut off to increase size of hole)
  • finely ground grass based food
  • still need long chain fibre (plants)
52
Q

parasites in rabbits

A
  • mites (cause hair plucking)
  • cheyletiella parasitivorax, listrophorus gibbus, psoroptes cuniculi
  • fleas
  • coccidia
  • worms
53
Q

GI stasis in rabbits

A
  • emergency!!
  • reduced or stopped intestinal motility
54
Q

clinical signs of GI stasis in rabbits

A
  • anorexia
  • absence of droppings
  • bloated abdomen
  • abdominal pain
55
Q

causes of GI stasis in rabbits

A
  • pain
  • stress
  • inappropriate diet (too high carbs)
  • neoplasia
56
Q

treatment of GI stasis in rabbits

A
  • analgesia (buprenorphine)
  • fluids
  • prokinetics
  • syringe feeding
  • treat underlying cause
57
Q

blood glucose levels in rabbits

A
  • <5= pathology, inappetence
  • 5-10= normal
  • 10-15= stress, low pain
  • 15-20= significant pain
  • 20+ = likely to be GI obstruction
58
Q

respiratory infections in rabbits

A
  • pasteurella spp.
  • can cause abscesses, upper resp problems, pneumonia
59
Q

vestibular disease in rabbits

A
  • head tilt/circling
  • caused by middle ear infection, E cuniculi
60
Q

E-Cuniculi (encephalitozoon cuniculi)

A
  • microsporidian parasite
  • primary pathogen of kidney
  • affects CNS
  • shed in urine, possible zoonosis
61
Q

symptoms of E-cuniculi

A
  • head tilt
  • ataxia, hindlimb weakness
  • urinary incontinence, renal failure
  • cataracts
62
Q

treatment of E-cuniculi

A

fenbendazole

63
Q

faecal clagging in rabbits

A
  • impaction of caecotrophs around bum
    caused by:
  • obesity, dental disease, too much carbs, back pain
64
Q

myxomatosis- pox virus in rabbits

A
  • spread by biting insects and direct contact
  • symptoms: swelling around eyes and genitals, ocular discharge
65
Q

rabbit haemorrhagic disease- calicivirus

A
  • spread by fomites or direct contact
  • symptoms: sudden death, haemorrhage from mouth, nose or anus
66
Q

BWRC’s 3S’s of wildlife rescue

A
  • sure= if in doubt call specialist
  • safety= own safety comes first
  • stress= minimise stress on animal (warm, dark, quiet)
67
Q

treat or euthanise wildlife

A
  • balance stress of treatment vs chance of successful return to wild
  • unethical to release animals for potential for future complications (orthopaedic implants)
68
Q

advantages of perm. captivity vs euthanasia

A
  • animal isn’t killed
  • protects against extinction
69
Q

disadvantages of perm. captivity vs euthanasia

A
  • quality of life
  • public display can cause stress
70
Q

anaesthesia in fish

A
  • inhalational
  • phenoxethanol (aqua-sed)
  • can stay out of the water for 5 mins to examine
71
Q

diagnostics in fish

A
  • mucus scraping
  • gill and fin preparations
  • bacteriology
  • bloods
  • radiography
  • ultrasonography
72
Q

mucus scrapings

A
  • run cover slip or scalpel blade over dorsal/pectoral fin
  • microscopy
73
Q

gill and fin preparations

A
  • should be liver colour
  • snip of gill/fin
74
Q

how to give meds to fish

A
  • in water (not antibiotics)
  • in food
  • injection
  • topical
75
Q

ulcer disease in fish

A

secondary to septicaemia or trauma

76
Q

treatment of ulcer disease in fish

A
  • GA, debride
  • clean with iodine and pack ulcer
  • inject antibiotics
  • treat underlying problem (parasites, water quality)
77
Q

fish first aid advice (7 steps)

A
  1. test water quality (if NH4 high, add zeolite
  2. quarantine affected fish
  3. change 30% of water, replace with fresh
  4. add salt (2g/L) to reduce stress (remove zeolite, formalin)
  5. stop feeding
  6. improve aeration
  7. do not add meds indiscriminately
78
Q

amphibians

A
  • frogs
  • toads
  • newts
  • salamanders
79
Q

husbandry of amphibians

A
  • poikilotherms (provide appropriate temp)
  • light (most nocturnal)
  • UV light (required for ca2+ metabolism)
  • water (some aquatic, need land)
  • high humidity
80
Q

common problems in amphibians

A
  • water quality
  • skin infections (bact., fung.)
  • chytridiomycosis (fungal disease)
  • foreign bodies
  • metabolic bone disease
81
Q

commonly kept invertebrates

A
  • giant African land snails
  • spiders
  • millipedes
  • stick insects
  • scorpions
82
Q

common problems in invertebrates

A
  • shedding difficulties (need humidity)
  • mites
  • nematodes (milky around mouth)
    • worms under microscope
  • traumatic injuries

CVNT 2 (33 decks)

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