Respiratory System Flashcards
Nasal Cavity (Olfactory nerve (CN 1)
first cranial nerve and conveys special sensory information related to smell. It is the shortest of the cranial nerves and passes from its receptors in the nasal mucosa to the forebrain. It enters the skull through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone.
Nasal Cavity (nasal concha)
Projecting out of the lateral walls of the nasal cavity are curved shelves of bone. They are called conchae (or turbinates). The are three conchae – inferior, middle and superior. They project into the nasal cavity, creating four pathways for the air to flow.
Nasal Cavity (External nares)
nostril openings, lead into the nasal vestibule, a short passage that leads into the main nasal cavities. The nasal sinuses connect to the nasal cavities via small ducts.
Nasal Cavity (Palate - Hard/Soft)
the palate divides the nasal cavity and the oral cavity, with the hard palate positioned anteriorly and the soft palate posteriorly. It forms both the roof of the mouth and the floor of the nasal cavity
Nasal Cavity (Uvula)
During swallowing, the soft palate and the uvula move together to close off the nasopharynx, and prevent food from entering the nasal cavity. It has also been proposed that the abundant amount of thin saliva produced by the uvula serves to keep the throat well lubricated
Nasal Cavity (Vestibule)
most anterior part of the nasal cavity. It is enclosed by the cartilages of nose and lined by the same epithelium of the skin (stratified squamous, keratinized
Nasal Septum (Histo)
Nasal mucosa
Nasal concha (Histo)
Nasopharynx
ET: Ciliated pseudostratified columnar
F: large particles can’t make it and become trapped when in 90 degree position; only an air passageway
portion of the pharynx that is posterior to the nasal cavity and extends inferiorly to the uvula.
What epithelial tissue?
What function?
Oropharynx
ET: stratified squamous epithelium because more friction is placed here so more layers are needed
F: Carries food and air
the part of the pharynx that lies between the soft palate and the hyoid bone.
What epithelial tissue?
Function?
Laryngopharynx
ET: stratified squamous epithelium
F: passageway for both food and air
where both food and air pass. It can be found between the hyoid bone and the larynx and esophagus, which helps guide food and air where to go
Epithelial tissue?
Function?
Pharyngeal, Tuball, Palatine, and Lingual Tonsils
What are the 4 tonsils from the lymphatic system?
Larynx (Epiglottis)
Elastic cartilage
a flap of tissue that sits beneath the tongue at the back of the throat. Its main function is to close over the windpipe (trachea) while you’re eating to prevent food entering your airway.
What cartilage is this structure composed of?
Thyroid cartilage
a hyaline cartilage structure that sits in front of the larynx and above the thyroid gland. The cartilage is composed of two halves, which meet in the middle at a peak called the laryngeal prominence, also called the Adam’s apple.
Cricoid cartilage
part of the larynx (just below the pharynx), and sits on a level plane just below the thyroid gland and thyroid cartilage. It is a circular piece of hyaline cartilage which wraps completely around the trachea, providing a place of attachment for various ligaments, muscles and other cartilage
Arytenoid cartilages
Hyaline cartilage
paired pyramid-shaped structures of cartilage found in the larynx, which are essential to the production of vocal sound. They are located on the lateral part of the superior border of the lamina of the cricoid cartilage and help form the cricoarytenoid joints.
Type of cartilages?
Thyrohyoid membrane
a wide and fibrous layer of tissue that connects the thyroid cartilage to the hyoid bone
Cricothyroid ligament
connects the thyroid cartilage with the arch of the cricoid cartilage.
Cricotracheal ligament
Connects the cricoid cartilage to the trachea.
Vestibular folds
The vestibular folds (false vocal cords) lie superiorly to the true vocal cords. They consist of the vestibular ligament (free lower edge of the quadrangular membrane) covered by a mucous membrane, and are pink in colour. They are fixed folds, which act to provide protection to the larynx.
True vocal cords
the thickened, free edge of the cricovocal membrane, the cricovocal ligament, lined by mucous membrane 1. Together they form part of the glottis, the V-shaped aperture through which air passes.
Trachea (Cartilage rings)
In the trachea, or windpipe, there are tracheal rings, also known as tracheal cartilages. Cartilage is strong but flexible tissue. The tracheal cartilages help support the trachea while still allowing it to move and flex during breathing.
Trachea (Carina)
mucous membrane of carina is sensitive to foreign bodies that fall down the trachea and causes a cough reflex
A ridge at the base of the trachea (windpipe) that separates the openings of the right and left main bronchi (the large air passages that lead from the trachea to the lungs).
What is function?
Trachea muscosa (Histo)
Trachea submucosa (Histo)
Trachea adventitia (Histo)
Trachealis muscle (Histo)
Primary bronchi (2) Right and Left
largest bronchi, enter at lung hilus; posterior to vessels
Secondary (lobar) bronchi
3 on the right and 2 on the left
the first subdivision of the main (or primary) bronchi. Like the primary and tertiary bronchi, they are conducting airways that are lined by cartilage rings. The left main bronchus gives rise to 2 secondary bronchi: left upper lobe bronchus. left lower lobe bronchus.
how many in each lung?
Lungs (Superior lobe)
the largest lobe of the right lung. It extends from the apex of the lung down to the horizontal and oblique fissures. It bears apical, anterior, and posterior bronchopulmonary segments
Lungs (Middle lobe) only on R
separated from the right upper lobe above by the horizontal fissure and the right lower lobe below by the right oblique fissure and is subdivided into two bronchopulmonary segments.
Lungs (Inferior lobe)
it is roughly a similar size to the superior lobe within each lung. An oblique fissure divides the superior and inferior lobes of the lung; in the right lung a horizontal fissure also separates the middle lobe.
Lungs (Oblique fissure) R and L
extends from the costal to the mediastinal surface of the lung both above and below the hilum. It divides the left lung in an upper and a lower lobe and in the right lung, separates the inferior from the middle and superior lobes, and is closely aligned with the fissure in the left lung.
Lungs (Horizontal fissure) only R
a unilateral structure in the right lung that separates the right middle lobe from the right upper lobe
Lung (Lobules)
hexagonal divisions of the lungs that are the smallest subdivision visible to the naked eye.
Lungs (hilum)
The hilum of the lung is the wedge-shaped area on the central portion of each lung, located on the medial (middle) aspect of each lung. The hilar region is where the bronchi, arteries, veins, and nerves enter and exit the lungs.
Lungs (Cardiac notch)
a concavity in the lung that formes to accommodate the heart
Lungs (Parietal pleura)
lines the thoracic wall and superior surface of the diaphragm. It continues around the heart forming the lateral walls of the mediastinum. The pleura extends over the surface of the lungs as the visceral pleura. The surface tension of the fluid in the pleural cavity secures the pleura together.
Lungs (Visceral pleura)
the delicate membrane that covers the surface of each lung, and dips into the fissures between the lobes of the lung
Lungs (Pleural cavity)
the potential space between the two pleurae (visceral and parietal) of the lungs
Diaphragm
a dome-shaped muscular partition separating the thorax from the abdomen in mammals. It plays a major role in breathing, as its contraction increases the volume of the thorax and so inflates the lungs
Lungs terminal bronchiole (Histo)
columnar pseudostratified with supporting lamina propria
what mucosa?
Lungs bronchus (histo)
pseudostratified mucociliated epithelium
what mucosa?
Lungs respiratory bronchiole (histo)
columnar pseudostratified with cilia and goblet cells and supported by lamina propria
connected to alveolar sac
mucosa?
Lungs alveolar duct (histo)
Alveolus type II cells (histo)
Alveolus type 1 cells (Histo)
Alveolus (histo)
Alveolus (histo)
Alveolar macrophages (histo)
Lung artery (histo)
Lungs blood vessels (histo)
Lungs pulmonary artery + vein (histo)
bronchus (histo)
bronchus (histo)
bronchus (histo)
bronchiole (histo)
alveolus (histo)
alveolus (histo)
bronchiole (histo)
