Digestive System Flashcards
Parotid gland
a major salivary gland in many animals. In humans, the two parotid glands are present on either side of the mouth and in front of both ears. They are the largest of the salivary glands.
Parotid gland (histo)
YELLOW - parotid ducts
GREEN - mucous acini
RED - serous acini
Submandibular gland
submandibular glands are paired major salivary glands that lie in the submandibular triangle. The glands have a superficial and deep lobe separated by the mylohyoid muscle
Submandibular gland (histo)
GREEN - serous acini
BLUE - mucous acini
PURPLE - submandibular ducts
Submandibular gland (histo)
Submandibular gland (histo)
Parotid gland (histo)
Parotid gland (histo)
Parotid gland (histo)
Parotid gland (histo)
Sublingual gland
smallest of the three major salivary glands, which also include the parotid and submandibular glands. The sublingual gland lies between the muscles of the oral cavity floor, which include the geniohyoid muscle, hyoglossus muscle medially, and the mylohyoid muscle inferiorly
Sublingual gland (histo)
Oral cavity - Labia
The lips
Oral cavity - Labial frenulum
connects the upper lip to the gum tissue just above your two front teeth
Oral cavity - Vestibule
The horseshoe-shaped vestibule is situated anteriorly. It is the space between the lips/cheeks, and the gums/teeth.
Oral cavity - Hard palate
horizontal bony plate that makes a subsection of the palate of the mouth. It makes the anterior two-thirds of the roof of the oral cavity. The hard palate is made of two facial bones: palatine process of the maxilla and paired palatine bones.
Oral cavity - Soft palate
the muscular part at the back of the roof of the mouth. It sits behind the hard palate, which is the bony part of the roof of the mouth. The palates play important roles in swallowing, breathing, and speech
Oral cavity - Uvula
little fleshy part that hangs down from the soft palate of your mouth, and one of its purposes is to stop food from going up your nose when you swallow.
Oral cavity - Palatoglossal arch
the more anterior of the two ridges of soft tissue at the back of the mouth on each side that curves downward from the uvula to the side of the base of the tongue forming a recess for the palatine tonsil as it diverges from the palatopharyngeal arch
Oral cavity - Palatopharyngeal arch
larger and projects farther toward the middle line than the palatoglossal arch; it runs downward, lateralward, and backward to the side of the pharynx, and is formed by the projection of the palatopharyngeal muscle
Incisors
front teeth present in most mammals. They are located in the premaxilla above and on the mandible below. Humans have a total of eight (two on each side, top and bottom).
Canines
also called dog teeth, fangs, cuspids or (in the context of the upper jaw) eye teeth, are the relatively long, pointed teeth. They can appear more flattened however, causing them to resemble incisors and leading them to be called incisiform.
Premolars
bicuspids, are transitional teeth located between the canine and molar teeth. In humans, there are two premolars per quadrant in the permanent set of teeth, making eight premolars total in the mouth. They have at least two cusps.
Molars
. Molars are the biggest of all the teeth. They have a large, flat surface with ridges that allow them to chew food and grind it up. Adults have 12 permanent molars — six on the bottom and top jaw
Tongue (histo)
Lingual frenulum
a fold of mucus membrane that’s located under the center portion of your tongue. If you look in the mirror and lift up your tongue, you’ll be able to see it. The lingual frenulum helps to anchor your tongue in your mouth
Pharyngeal tonsils
a mass of lymphatic tissue, similar to the (palatine) tonsils, that is attached to the back wall of the nasal pharynx
Pharyngeal tonsils (histo)
Palatine tonsils
a pair of soft tissue masses located at the rear of the throat (pharynx). Each tonsil is composed of tissue similar to lymph nodes, covered by pink mucosa (like on the adjacent mouth lining). Running through the mucosa of each tonsil are pits, called crypts
Palatine tonsils (histo)
Lingual tonsils
a collection of lymphatic tissue located in the lamina propria of the root of the tongue. This lymphatic tissue consists of the lymphatic nodules rich in cells of the immune system (immunocytes).
Lingual tonsils (histo)
Pharynx - Nasopharynx
not technically part of digestive tract
The upper part of the throat behind the nose. An opening on each side of the nasopharynx leads into the ear.
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Pharynx - Oropharynx
the part of the pharynx that lies between the soft palate and the hyoid bone.
Pharynx - Laryngopharynx
where both food and air pass. It can be found between the hyoid bone and the larynx and esophagus, which helps guide food and air where to go.
Esophagus (histo)
Esophagus (histo)
Esophagus (histo)
trachea + esophagus (histo)
Esophageal hiatus
the opening in the diaphragm through which the esophagus passes from the thoracic to abdominal cavity. It is one of three apertures in the diaphragm and is located in the right crus
Lower esophageal sphincter (Cardiac sphincter)
a bundle of muscles at the low end of the esophagus, where it meets the stomach. When the LES is closed, it prevents acid and stomach contents from traveling backwards from the stomach. The LES muscles are not under voluntary control.
Stomach mucosa (histo)
Stomach mucosa (histo)
Stomach (histo)
be familiar with labels
Stomach - Cardiac region
point where the esophagus connects to the stomach and through which food passes into the stomach. Located inferior to the diaphragm, above and to the left of the cardia, is the dome-shaped fundus.
Stomach - Fundus
the rounded area that lies to the left of the cardia and below the diaphragm
Stomach - Body
The body is the largest and main part of the stomach. This is where food is mixed and starts to break down
Stomach - Pyloric region (Pylorus)
the part of the stomach that connects to the small intestine.
Stomach - Pyloric sphincter
a thick ring of muscle that acts as a valve to control the emptying of stomach contents (chyme) into the duodenum (first part of the small intestine).
Stomach - Rugae
The gastric folds (or gastric rugae) are coiled sections of tissue that exist in the mucosal and submucosal layers of the stomach. They provide elasticity by allowing the stomach to expand when a bolus enters it.
Stomach - Greater curvature
forms the long, convex, lateral border of the stomach. Arising at the cardiac notch, it arches backwards and passes inferiorly to the left. It curves to the right as it continues medially to reach the pyloric antrum.
Stomach - Lesser curvature
extending between the cardiac and pyloric orifices, forms the right or posterior border of the stomach.
Stomach - Muscular layers (3)
Longitudional (outer)
Circular (middle)
Oblique (inner)
Liver - 4 lobes
GREEN - right lobe
BLUE - left lobe
PINK - caudate lobe
ORANGE - quadrate lobe
Liver - Falciform ligament (mesentery)
a ligament that attaches the liver to the front body wall, and separates the liver into the left medial lobe and right lateral lobe.
Liver - duct system
Duct System of Liver: Right and Left Hepatic Duct →Common Hepatic Duct joins with Cystic duct →Common Bile duct (joins with pancreatic duct)→Hepatopancreatic ampula
Walk through the liver duct system.
Liver (histo)
GREEN - lobule
BLUE - central vein
Liver (histo)
Liver (histo)
Liver (histo)
Liver (histo)
GREEN - bile duct
BLUE - sinusoid
PINK - bile canaliculus
Liver (histo)
BLUE - portal vein
GREEN - portal triad
Gall bladder
Cystic duct joins common hepatic duct to formcommon bile duct and empties into duodenum
a small pouch that sits just under the liver. The gallbladder stores bile produced by the liver. After meals, the gallbladder is empty and flat, like a deflated balloon. Before a meal, the gallbladder may be full of bile and about the size of a small pear
what is the flow in which it functions?
Pancreas - Head, body, tail
Main Pancreatic duct joins common bile duct →Hepatopancreatic ampulla →duodenum
The pancreas is a gland, about six inches long, located in the abdomen. It is shaped like a flat pear and is surrounded by the stomach, small intestine, liver, spleen and gallbladder.
what is the flow through the pancreas?
Pancreas (histo)
Pancreas (histo)
Pancreas (histo)
Pancreatic islet
Pancreatic acinar cell
Pancreas (histo)
pay attention to ducts
Small intestine
Duodenum (10”) →Jejunum (8’) →Ileum (12’)
an organ in the gastrointestinal tract where most of the end absorption of nutrients and minerals from food takes place. It lies between the stomach and large intestine, and receives bile and pancreatic juice through the pancreatic duct to aid in digestion.
what is the flow in which it functions?
Small intestine - Ileocecal valve
a sphincter muscle situated at the junction of the ileum (last portion of your small intestine) and the colon (first portion of your large intestine). Its function is to allow digested food materials to pass from the small intestine into your large intestine.
Small intestine - Plicae circulares (Circular folds)
the numerous permanent crescentic folds of mucous membrane found in the small intestine especially in the lower part of the duodenum and the jejunum. — called also valvulae conniventes.
Small intestine (histo)
Small intestine (histo) - duodenum
Small intestine (histo)
know labeling
Large intestine
the last part of the gastrointestinal tract and of the digestive system in vertebrates. Water is absorbed here and the remaining waste material is stored as feces before being removed by defecation.[
Large intestine - Cecum
a pouch within the peritoneum that is considered to be the beginning of the large intestine. It is typically located on the right side of the body (the same side of the body as the appendix, to which it is joined).
Large intestine - Ascending colon
the beginning part of the colon. It is usually located on the right side of the body, extending from the cecum upward. Although the colon is a continuous structure, the piece that is considered the ascending colon ends where the colon bends, just below the liver and gallbladder
Large intestine - Transverse colon
longest and most movable part of the colon. It crosses the abdomen from the ascending colon at the hepatic or right colic flexure with a downward convexity to the descending colon where it curves sharply on itself beneath the lower end of the spleen forming the splenic or left colic flexure.
Large intestine - Descending colon
the part of the large intestine from the splenic flexure to the beginning of the sigmoid colon. The function of the descending colon in the digestive system is to store the remains of digested food that will be emptied into the rectum.
Large intestine - Sigmoid colon
the last section of the bowel — the part that attaches to the rectum. It’s about a foot and a half long (around 40 centimeters) and is shaped like the letter “s.” Its job is to hold feces until you’re ready to go to the bathroom
Large intestine - Rectum
a chamber that begins at the end of the large intestine, immediately following the sigmoid colon, and ends at the anus (see also Overview of the Anus and Rectum). Ordinarily, the rectum is empty because stool is stored higher in the descending colon.
Large intestine - Right colic flexure
the sharp bend between the ascending colon and the transverse colon. The hepatic flexure lies in the right upper quadrant of the human abdomen. It receives blood supply from the superior mesenteric artery.
Large intestine - Left colic flexure
the bend in the large intestine in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen as the transverse colon continues as the descending colon
Large intestine - Haustrum
The haustra (singular haustrum) of the colon are the small pouches caused by sacculation (sac formation), which give the colon its segmented appearance. The teniae coli run the length of the colon.
Large intestine - Teniae coli
three separate longitudinal ribbons (taeniae meaning ribbon in latin) of smooth muscle on the outside of the ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid colons. They are visible and can be seen just below the serosa or fibrosa.
Large intestine (histo)
Large intestine (histo)
Large intestine (histo)
Large intestine (histo) labeled)
know labeling and identify
Histology: mucosa (3 layers)intestinal glandsgoblet cellsMALTsubmucosa muscularis (2 layers) serosatissue types?
Appendix
a narrow, finger-shaped pouch that projects out from the colon. Appendicitis occurs when the appendix becomes inflamed and filled with pus. Appendicitis is an inflammation of the appendix, a finger-shaped pouch that projects from your colon on the lower right side of your abdomen
Anal canal - Internal anal sphincter
a thickened extension of the circular smooth muscle layer surrounding the colon and is generally considered responsible for maintaining approximately 70% of resting tone, ensuring that the anal canal is closed at rest
Anal canal - External anal sphincter
a flat plane of skeletal muscle fibers, elliptical in shape and intimately adherent to the skin surrounding the margin of the anus
Anal canal (histology) -Recto-anal junction
Anal canal (histo)
Abdominal cavity - Parietal peritoneum
that portion that lines the abdominal and pelvic cavities. Those cavities are also known as the peritoneal cavity.
Abdominal cavity - Visceral peritoneum
covers the external surfaces of most abdominal organs, including the intestinal tract.
Abdominal cavity - Peritoneal cavity
a potential space between the parietal peritoneum (the peritoneum that surrounds the abdominal wall) and visceral peritoneum (the peritoneum that surrounds the internal organs
Mesenteries - Greater omentum
a large apron-like fold of visceral peritoneum that hangs down from the stomach.
Mesenteries - Lesser omentum
the double layer of peritoneum that extends from the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach (hepatogastric ligament) and the first part of the duodenum (hepatoduodenal ligament).
Mesenteries - Mesentery proper
the broad, fan-shaped fold of peritoneum which connects the convolutions of the jejunum and ileum with the posterior wall of the abdomen. Its root—the part connected with the structures in front of the vertebral column—is narrow, about 15 cm. long, and is directed obliquely from the duodenojejunal flexure at the left side of the second lumbar vertebra to the right sacroiliac articulation
Mesenteries - Mesocolon
The fold of peritoneum attaching the colon to the posterior abdominal wall; ascending mesocolon (mesocolon ascendens [TA]), transverse mesocolon (mesocolon transversum [TA]), descending mesocolon (mesocolon descendens [TA]), and sigmoid mesocolon (mesocolon sigmoideum [TA]) correspond to the respective divisions of the colon
