Respiratory System

Question 1

What membranes does the respiratory system contain?

Answer 1

Mucous membrane

Serous membrane

Question 2

What is the outer Serosa membrane and pleura called?

Answer 2

Parietal

Question 3

What is the inner Serosa membrane and pleura called?

Answer 3

Visceral

Question 4

What is the pleural cavity filled with?

Answer 4

Air, Blood, Pus and watery transudate or exudate

Question 5

How can fluid be drained from a pleural cavity?

Answer 5

Inserting a wide-bore needle through the 7th intercostal space posteriorly

Question 6

Where do intercostal nerves run?

Answer 6

Border of ribs

Question 7

How could the lung cause paralysis of one side of the diaphragm?

Answer 7

Tumour that impinges on the phrenic nerve

Question 8

What kind of lung tumours can cause wasting of the arm/hand?

Answer 8

Brachial plexus, pancoast

Question 9

What are the characteristics of Horner’s syndrome?

Answer 9

Constricted pupil, weak droopy upper eyelid, less sweating

Question 10

What can cause a hoarse voice?

Answer 10

Tumour that impinges the left recurrent laryngeal nerve (loops under the aorta) Or and aneurism of the aorta

Question 11

What are the extrapulmonary components of the respiratory system?

Answer 11

Nasal cavity, pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Primary Bronchi

Question 12

What are the intrapulmonary components of the respiratory system?

Answer 12

Secondary Bronchi, Bronchioles, Terminal Bronchioles, Respiratory bronchioles, Alveolar ducts, alveoli

Question 13

What happens to thickness of the walls and sizes of the lumens as you travel from the nasal cavity to the Alveoli?

Answer 13

Walls of passageways become thinner and lumens decrease in diameter

Question 14

What type of epithelium is present until the largest bronchioles?

Answer 14

Pseudostratisfied - cilia and goblet cells

Question 15

What type of epithelium is present in the terminal bronchioles?

Answer 15

Simple columnar - cilia and clara cells

Question 16

What type of epithelium is present in the Respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts?

Answer 16

Simple Cuboidal- clara and small amount of cilia

Question 17

What type of epithelium is present in the Alveoli?

Answer 17

Simple squamous

Question 18

What occurs in the Olfactory region of the Nasal cavity and what cells are present?

Answer 18

Responds to odours
Pseudostratisifed columnar
No goblet cells or motile cilia
Olfactory cells

Question 19

What does each vocal cord of the larynx contain?

Answer 19

Vocal ligament and vocalis muscle

Question 20

Where does the trachea divide into two primary bonchi?

Answer 20

Mid-thorax

Question 21

What part of the trachea ossifies with age?

Answer 21

C shapes rings

Question 22

What ion channel absence causes cystic fibrosis?

Answer 22

Cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator

Question 23

Why does the absence of the channel cause an issue in cystic fibrosis?

Answer 23

Less chloride ion transport so less water removed so mucus not secreted and hydrated properly so more viscous

Question 24

What is the difference between cartilage in primary and secondary bronchi?

Answer 24

Cartilage is arranged in crescent plates in secondary rather than rings

Question 25

What supplies blood to the lung?

Answer 25

Pulmonary artery

Question 26

How is a bronchiole kept open as has no cartilage or glands?

Answer 26

surrounding alveoli

Question 27

What causes asthma?

Answer 27

Due to everyone having absence of cartilage in walls of bronchioles, this means they can close down if smooth muscle contraction is too excessive, bronchoconstriction can become excessive in asthma

Question 28

What are clara cells?

Answer 28

Secrete surfactant lipoprotein which prevent the wall sticking together during expression
Secrete clara cell protein which is a measurable marker for bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and serum

Question 29

Why are there no goblet cells in the terminal bronchioles?

Answer 29

Prevents from drowning in own mucus

Question 30

What can alveoli open into?

Answer 30

Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and sacs, another alveolus via a pore

Question 31

What are the characteristics of an alveolar wall?

Answer 31

abundant capillaries
supported by a basketwork of elastic and reticular firbres
Covering of type I pneumocytes (gas exchange SA) and scattering of type II pneumocyes (produce surfactant)

Question 32

What causes emphysema?

Answer 32

Smoking
Destruction of alveolar walls and enlargement of air spaces
Alveolar walls hold open bronchioles, when they are damaged the bronchioles collapse and makes it difficult for lungs to empty, trapping air in alveoli

Question 33

What causes Pneumonia?

Answer 33

Inflammation of the lung caused by bacteria

Alveoli fill with inflammatory cells