Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Body Logistics > Muscular System > Flashcards

Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

What is myalgia?

A

Muscle pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is Myocardium?

A

Muscular component of the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is myasthenia?

A

Weakness of the muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is Myopathy?

A

Any disease of the muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is Myoclonus?

A

A sudden spasm of the muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a sarcolemma?

A

The outer membrane of the muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the sarcoplasm?

A

The cytoplasm of the muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum of a muscle cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the three types of muscle?

A

Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the difference between red, intermediate and white muscle fibres?

A

Red have the smallest diameter, many mitochondria, contact slowly, repetivie and weak, fatigue slowly, few ATP-ases, in limbs of animals
Intermediate- in the middle
White- opposite and in Extraocular muscles (eye)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is myoglobin?

A

Red protein with Haem
not present in smooth muscle
Diving animals have lots of myoglobin so can submerge for longer
Haemoglobin gives up oxygen to myoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What causes the mobility of the tongue?

A

Multidirectional orientation of the tongue and plasticity and strength of connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is atrophy of muscles?

A

Muscles fibres are destroyed more than replaced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is hypertrophy of muscles?

A

Muscle fibres are replaced more than destroyed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What causes Atrophy?

A

Disuse- Not moving limb- loss of protein reduced fibre diameter, loss of power
Age
Denervation- signs of ;power motor neurone lesions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What causes Hypertrophy?

A

More protein, increased diameter- exercise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How can more sarcomeres develop?

A

Increased by frequent stretching

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is MHAZI?

A

M line inside H zone
H zone inside A band
A band is inside the two Z discs
Z disc is inside the the I band

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are Troponin assays useful for?

A

Marker for Cardiac ischaemia (heart attack)
must measure in 20 hours
not proportional to degree of damage

20
Q

What is Creatine Kinase used for?

A

Diagnose cardiac ischaemia (heart attack)
proportional to degree of damage
Can result from many reasons so Troponin used more
caused by- exercise, fall etc

21
Q

What is the sliding filament model?

A

Actin filament (thin filaments)
Myosin (thick filaments)
Myosin heads form cross bridges with actin filaments exert force on them to move
Contraction begins when an ATP bound to myosin is hydrolysed to ADP and P
This causes myosin head to extend
Power stroke occurs- shortening sarcomere
ATP binds which caused the Myosin head to become unattached
When muscle is relaxed Tropomyosin blocks the binding sites, if calcium is present it binds to troponin which moves the tropomyosin

22
Q

What are the events lead to contraction of a skeletal muscle?

A
  1. nerve impulse arrives at neuromuscular junction
  2. ACh is released into synaptic cleft causing local depolarisation of the sarcolemma
  3. Na+ channels open and Na enter cells
  4. General depolarisation occurs and spreads over the sarcolemma and into T tubules
  5. Voltage sensor proteins in T tubules change their conformation
  6. Gated Ca2+ are opened
  7. Ca is released from the terminal in to the sarcoplasm
  8. Ca2+ binds to the troponin
  9. contraction initiated and ca returns
23
Q

Where are nuclei positioned in cardiac muscle?

A

Central

24
Q

What is present is skeletal muscle that isn’t present in cardiac muscle?

A

Distinct myofibrils

25
Q

What are gap junctions in cardiac muscle used for?

A

Electrical coupling

26
Q

What are Adherens-type junctions used for in cardiac muscle?

A

anchor cells and actin filaments

27
Q

What is cell hypertrophy?

A

Enlargement of cell

28
Q

What is cell Hyperplasia?

A

Multiplication of cells

29
Q

What is heart Atrophy?

A

Heart is smaller than normal size

30
Q

What is heart hypertrophy?

A

Heart is bigger than normal size

31
Q

What is a natriuretic peptide?

A

peptide hormones that reduce arterial pressure by decreasing blood volume and systemic vascular resistance

32
Q

Who has high levels of ANP?

A

Patients with left ventricular hypertrophy and mitral valve disease

33
Q

What is ANP?

A

Atrial Natriuretic peptide- Released in response so Atrial distension- so found in hypervlemic states

34
Q

What us BNP?

A

Brain type natriuretic peptide- synthesised by ventricles, marker for heart failure

35
Q

What system of natriuretic peptides serve as a counter regulatory system for?

A

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

36
Q

What are the purkinje fibres?

A

specialist myocardial cells which are distal conducting cells carrying impulses to the ventricular muscle

37
Q

What are parking fibres like?

A

large, abundant glycogen, sparse myofilaments, extensive gap junctions

38
Q

What is different about smooth muscle to other types?

A

Not striated, contraction is slower and can occur for hours or days

39
Q

Where is smooth muscle found?

A

often forms contractile walls of passageways e.g. vascular structures an in gut, reparatory tract and genitourinary system

40
Q

What disorders are due to smooth muscle?

A 
High blood pressure
dysmenorrhea
Asthma
Atherosclerosis
Abnormal gut motility
Detrusor muscle instability
41
Q

What is a myoepithelial cell?

A

stellate cells forming basketwork around secretory units of some exocrine glands

42
Q

What are myofibroblasts?

A

produce collagenous matrix at would healing sites, also contract

43
Q

How does skeletal muscle repair?

A

Cannot divide but the tissue can regenerate by mitotic activity of satellite cells, these can also fuse with existing muscle to increase mass

44
Q

How does cardiac muscle repair?

A

Incapable of regeneration

fibroblasts invade and develop scar tissue

45
Q

How does smooth muscle repair?

A

cells can undergo mitosis e.g. pregnant uterus walls become thicker

Body Logistics (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions