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Body Logistics > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What is embryology?

A

The study of progression from a single cell to a baby in 9 months

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2
Q

What is special about zebra fish?

A

Translucent eggs that are outside the mother
Sequenced genome
Study birth defects

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3
Q

Where does fertilisation take place?

A

Ampullary region of the fallopian tube

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4
Q

How long is a sperm viable for?

A

5 days

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5
Q

How long is a secondary oocyte viable for?

A

12-24 hours

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6
Q

Why aren’t sperm rejected as they are foreign bodies?

A

Antibodies only form if the sperm gets in contact with the blood
Tight junctions stop sperm passing into blood

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7
Q

When is the germinal stage?

A

Fertilisation to the end of the second week

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8
Q

When is the embryonic period?

A

Beginning of third week till the end of the eighth week

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9
Q

When is the Foetal period?

A

Beginning of ninth week to birth (38 weeks)

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10
Q

What is the Zona Pellicuda?

A

Stops the blastocyte from adhering to oviduct

The loss of it is called hatching

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11
Q

What does trophoblast mean?

A

Food bud- becomes the yolk sac and placenta

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12
Q

What is Histiotrophic nutrition?

A

Nutrition provided to the embryo not from the maternal blood
Before week 12

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13
Q

What is haemoptrophic nutrition?

A

Nutrition provided by the mothers blood

After week 12

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14
Q

What is the implantation site?

A

Site of formation the placenta

Usually upper part of the body of the uterus in the posterior wall

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15
Q

What is an ectopic pregnany?

A

Fetus develops outside the Uterus

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16
Q

What is placenta previa?

A

Placenta blocks the neck of the uterus so interferes with delivery

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17
Q

What is Syncytium?

A

Together cells

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18
Q

What is syncytiotrophoblast?

A

Cells that merge together in the trophoblast

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19
Q

What is Cytotrophoblast?

A

Cells in the trophoblast

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20
Q

What happens in the second week of development?

A

Trophoblast differentiates into 2 layers
Embryoblast forms 2 layers- epiblast and hypoblast
Hypoblast forms the yolk sac and chorionic cavity

21
Q

What happens during the embryonic period?

A

All major systems and structures are formed

22
Q

When is the greatest risk of major congenital malformations?

A

Embryonic period

23
Q

What are the key events and processes in early development?

A 
Fertilisation and implantation
Gastrulation
Neurulation
Segmentation
Folding
24
Q

Where do new features appear in the third week?

A

Dorsal surface of the epiblast

25
Q

What is an ectoderm?

A

Organs and structures that maintain contact with outside world

26
Q

What is a mesoderm?

A

Supporting tissues

27
Q

What is an endoderm?

A

Internal structures

28
Q

What is Situs inversus?

A

Complete mirror image viscera
Commonly results from immotile cilia
No associated morbidity
Problem arise if normal and mirror image disposition

29
Q

What are the clear right and left body differences?

A

Liver on the right
Stomach and spleen on the left
Left lung has 2 lobes
Right lung has 3 lobes

30
Q

When is Gastrulation?

A

Third week

31
Q

What is Gastrulation?

A

Bilaminar disks are converted into trilaminar disks

Three germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm

32
Q

How does Gastrulation occur?

A

Primitive streak forms in caudal epiblast, leading to migration and invagination of epiblast cells

33
Q

Why does Gastrulation occur?

A

To ensure the correct placement of precursor tissues to allow subsequent morphogenesis to take place

34
Q

What does the ultimate fate of invaginating epiblasts depend on?

A

Where in the streak or node they invaginate

35
Q

What is the notochord?

A

Solid rod of cells running in the midline with important signalling role
Directs conversion of overlying ectoderm to neurectoderm

36
Q

What do norochord signals cause?

A

Ectoderm to thicken

37
Q

What is somites?

A

Organisation of paraxial mesoderm into segments

38
Q

When and where do the 1st pair of somites appear?

A

Day 20 in the occipital region

39
Q

How many somites will there be in total?

A

31

40
Q

What do somites appear as?

A

Regular block of mesoderm cells arranged around a small cavity

41
Q

What is organised degeneration of somites?

A

Ventral wall of somite breaks down, leading to formation of the sclerotome

42
Q

What forms the dermomyotome?

A

Organisation of the dorsal portions

43
Q

What is dermatome?

A

Skin section

44
Q

What is myotome?

A

Muscle section

45
Q

What is sclerotome?

A

Hard tissue section e.g. bone

46
Q

What does organisation of mesoderm into somites give rise to?

A

Repeating structures e.g. vertebrae, ribs, intercostal muscles, spinal cord segments

47
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31

48
Q

What does folding achieve?

A

Draws together the margins of the disk which creates a ventral body wall
pulling amniotic membrane around the disc
pulling connective stalk ventrally

49
Q

What happens by the end of the fourth week?

A

The nervous system has started to form
segments have appeared, assigning specific tasks to specific cells, the embryo has folded, putting everything in the right place

Body Logistics (20 decks)

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