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Body Logistics > Cartilage > Flashcards

Cartilage Flashcards

1
Q

What does avascular mean?

A

No blood supply

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2
Q

What does cartilage have a lot of?

A

Extracellular matrix

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3
Q

What cells produce the extracellular matrix?

A

Chondrocytes

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4
Q

What leads to a ready diffusion of substances between chondrocytes and blood vessels?

A

Large ratio of glycosaminoglycans to type II collagen

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5
Q

What is the Proteoglycan structure in cartilage ground substance?

A

Core protein
100 glycosaminoglycans attach to core protein
hyaluronic acid molecules are interwoven with collagen fibrils

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6
Q

How does a hydrated gel form?

A

Negative charges on the GAG

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7
Q

What are the three main types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage
Fibrocartilage

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8
Q

What does the matrix of the Hyaline cartilage contain?

A

Proteoglycans, hyaluronic acid and type II collagen

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9
Q

What does the matrix of the elastic cartilage contain?

A

Same as Hyaline but also with elastic fibrils and lamellae

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10
Q

What does the matrix of the Fibrocartilage contain?

A

Same as Hyaline but also has Type I collagen

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11
Q

In Hyaline what cells are present?

A

Chondrocytes only

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12
Q

Why is Hyaline cartilage important in early development?

A

Precursor for the bones that develop by endochondral ossification

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13
Q

Where is Hyaline cartilage found?

A

Articulating surfaces, parts of the rib cage, nose, trachea, bronchi and larynx

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14
Q

What is the perichondrium?

A

Covers the margin of cartilage

Contains fibroblast like cells that develop into chondroblasts then chondrocytes

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15
Q

What is appositional growth?

A

Growth from the periphery

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16
Q

What are dividing chondrocytes called?

A

Isogenous groups - do this deeper in cartilage so is interstitial growth

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17
Q

What gives cartilage resilience to varying pressure loads?

A

Highly hydrated and movement of water in the matrix

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18
Q

What is different about the territorial matrix?

A

highly sulphated

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19
Q

What is a lacuna?

A

Surrounds the chondrocyte

20
Q

What do pressure loads applied to cartilage create?

A

signals that direct the synthetic activity of chondrocytes

21
Q

When tarsal bone forms where is the perichondrium?

A

At non-articulating surfaces to develop into joint capsule- at the sides

22
Q

Where is cartilage on a long bone?

A

At the articulating surface and epiphyseal growth plate (no perichondrium at either site)

23
Q

What do elastic fibres in Elastic cartilage mean?

A

Its more elastic and does no calcify

24
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found?

A

External ear, external acoustic meatus, epiglottis and Eustachian

25
Q

Why is Elastic cartilage darker than Hyaline cartilage in H and E stain?

A

Elastin stains darker

26
Q

What cells are present in Fibrocartilage?

A

Chondrocytes and Fibroblasts

27
Q

What is Fibrocartilage a combination of?

A

Dense regular connective tissue and hyaline cartilage

28
Q

What is different about Fibrocartilage to the other two types?

A

No perichondrium

29
Q

Where is Fibrocartilage found?

A

intervertebral discs, articular discs on the sternoclavicular and temporomandibular joints, menisci of the knee joint and pubic symphysis

30
Q

What can fibrocartilage do?

A

Act as a shock absorber and resist shearing forces

31
Q

How are chondrocytes arranged in fibrocartilage?

A

In rows or isogenous groups

32
Q

How do most bones of the body develop?

A

Endochondral ossification

33
Q

When does the epiphyseal plate (cartilage) of long bone disappear?

A

After cessation of growth

34
Q

What are the stages of endochondral ossification?

A

Embryo:
1. Only Hyaline cartilage
2. Collar of periosteal bone appears in the shaft
Fetus:
3. Central cartilage calcifies and nutrient artery penetrates providing osteogenic cells ad primary ossification centre forms
Post Natal:
4. Medulla becomes cancellous bone
5. Cartilage forms epiphyseal growth plates
6. Epiphyses develop secondary centres of ossification
Prepubertal:
7. Epiphyses ossify and growth plates continue to move apart lengthening bone
Mature adult:
8. Epiphyseal growth plates are replaced by bone
9. Hyaline articular cartilage persists

35
Q

What does intramembranous ossification do?

A

Increased girth of bone

36
Q

What are the zones present in cartilage?

A

reserve cartilage, proliferation, hypertrophy, calcified cartilage, resorption

37
Q

What occurs in the zone of reserve cartilage?

A

No proliferation or active matrix production

38
Q

What occurs in the zone of proliferation?

A

cells actively divide to form columns, cells enlarge and secrete matrix

39
Q

What occurs in the zone of hypertrophy?

A

Cells enlarge greatly

Matrix compressed into linear bands between cell columns

40
Q

What occurs in the zone of calcified cartilage?

A

Enlarged cells begin to degenerate and matrix calcifies

41
Q

What occurs in the zone of reabsorption?

A

Calcified matrix in direct contact with marrow cavity

Small blood vessels and connective tissue invade the region and lay bone by spicules

42
Q

What do osteoblasts do?

A

deposit bone

43
Q

What do osteclasts do?

A

Resorb bone

44
Q

What occurs at the synovial joint?

A

Moveable joint where the opposed ends are covered by Hyaline or Fibrocartilage and lie within lubricating synovial fluid bounded by an articular capsule which is lined by synovial membrane and reinforced with fibrous tissue and ligaments

45
Q

What does the synovial membrane consist of?

A

macrophages which remove debris from joint space

Fibroblast like cells that secrete synovial fluid

46
Q

What is the fibrous capsule continuous with?

A

Periosteum

Body Logistics (20 decks)

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