Epithelia, Glands And Skin

Question 1

Where are Mucous membranes?

Answer 1

line internal tubes which open to the exterior e.g. respiratory tract

Question 2

What are Mucous membranes made from?

Answer 2

epithelium, lamina propria (adjacent layer of connective tissue), muscular mucosae (alimentary tract made of smooth muscle)

Question 3

What are Serous membranes?

Answer 3

thin, two part membranes that line certain body cavities, secrete lubricating fluid for friction free movement e.g. peritoneum

Question 4

What are Serous membranes made from?

Answer 4

Simple squamous epithelium (secretes lubricating fluid) and a thin layer of connective tissue

Question 5

How do the heart, lungs and gut become surrounded by serous membrane?

Answer 5

develop next to bag like cavities when embryo and invaginate so become surrounded

Question 6

What are Epithelia?

Answer 6

sheets of contiguous cells that cover the external surface of the body and line internal surfaces

Question 7

What does simple epithelia mean?

Answer 7

one cell layer

Question 8

What does stratified epithelia mean?

Answer 8

more than one cell layer

Question 9

What is the function of simple squamous cells?

Answer 9

Lubrication
Gas exchange
barrier
active transport by pinocytosis

Question 10

Where are simple squamous cells?

Answer 10

Air sacs of the lungs, blood and lymph vessels, kidney, lining of body cavities

Question 11

What is the function of simple cuboidal cell?

Answer 11

Secretes and absorbs, barrier and hormone synthesis in thyroid

Question 12

Where are simple cuboidal cells found?

Answer 12

in ducts and secretory portions of the small glands, thyroid follicles and kidney tubules, ovary

Question 13

What is the function of simple columnar cells?

Answer 13

Absorbs

Secretes mucous and enzymes, lubrcation, transport

Question 14

Where are simple columnar cells found?

Answer 14

ciliated tissues in bronchi, uterine tubes, uterus and non ciliated in digestive tract and bladder

Question 15

What is the function of pseudosatisifed columnar epithelium?

Answer 15

Secretes mucus, ciliated move mucus

Question 16

Where are pseudosatisifed columnar epithelium found?

Answer 16

Trachea and upper respiratory tract

Question 17

Where are Stratisfied squamous epithelium found

Answer 17

Lines the esophagus, mouth and vagina

Question 18

What is the function of stratified squamous epithelium?

Answer 18

protects against abrasion, reduces water loss

Question 19

What is the function of stratified cuboidal epithelium?

Answer 19

protective tissue

Question 20

Where are stratified cuboidal epithelium found?

Answer 20

Sweat glands, salivary glands and mammary glands

Question 21

What is the function of stratified columnar epithelium?

Answer 21

Secreted and protects

Question 22

Where is stratified columnar epithelium found?

Answer 22

The male Urethra and ducts of some glands

Question 23

Where is transitional epithelium and what is its function?

Answer 23

Allows urinary organs to expand and stretch e.g. bladder, urethra and ureters

Question 24

What are squamous cells shaped like?

Answer 24

Cells are wider than there height

Question 25

What are cuboidal cells shaped like?

Answer 25

Height and width are the same

Question 26

What are columnar cells shaped like?

Answer 26

Height is greater than width

Question 27

What is the basement membrane?

Answer 27

Strong flexible layer what the epithelial cells adhere to

Question 28

What type of cell forms the skin epidermis?

Answer 28

Keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

Question 29

What are the four layers of the epidermis?

Answer 29

Horny layer
Granular layer
Prickle cell layer
Basal layer

Question 30

What occurs in the basal layer?

Answer 30

Keratinocyte mitosis

Question 31

What happens in the prickle layer?

Answer 31

Keratinocytes lose there ability to divide

Question 32

What does Keratin do?

Answer 32

Strengthen the epidermis

Question 33

What occurs in the Granular layer?

Answer 33

Keratinocytes lose their plasma membrane and begin to differentiate into corneocytes, contains keratins, fibrous proteins and enzymes

Question 34

What occurs in the horny layer?

Answer 34

made of corneocytes which have a major role in skin barrier function

Question 35

What is the role of melanocyte cells?

Answer 35

produce melanin which gives the skin its colour

Black skin same number just produce more

Question 36

What is the role of lagerhans cells?

Answer 36

Present antigens to T lymphocytes

Question 37

What is a gland?

Answer 37

Epithelial cell or collection of ells specialised for secretion

Question 38

How are glands classified?

Answer 38

Destination of secretion
Structure of gland
nature of secretion
method of discharge

Question 39

What are exocrine glands?

Answer 39

Glands with ducts

Question 40

What are Endocrine glands?

Answer 40

Ductless and secrete into blood stream

Question 41

What is the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator?

Answer 41

An ion channel
If not present in apical membrane cause cystic fibrosis as chloride ions transportation is compramised so water does not leave and mucus becomes thicker

Question 42

What other side effects are there of cystic fibrosis?

Answer 42

mucus in gastrointestinal tract becomes viscous making it difficult for newborns to pass there first poo and constipation and invagination of parts of the GI tract in older people

Question 43

What are the three structures of glands?

Answer 43

multicellular or unicellular
acinar or tubular
coiled or branched

Question 44

What are the three methods of secretion?

Answer 44

Merocrine (exocytosis), apocrine (secreted droplets covered by plasma membrane) and holocrine (whole cell breaks down)

Question 45

What is a sign of cystic fibrosis

Answer 45

salty tasting sweat as chloride ions not reabsorbed correctly

Question 46

Is the pancreas an exocrine or endocrine gland?

Answer 46

both