Endocrine System

Question 1

What does the sympathetic system do?

Answer 1

Fight or flight
Dilate pupils, inhibit salvation, increase heart beat, relax airway, inhibit stomach, stimulate glucose release, inhibit activity of intestines, secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine, relax bladder and promote ejactulation and vaginal contraction

Question 2

What does the parasympathetic system do?

Answer 2

Rest and Digest
Constrict pupils, stimulate saliva, slow heartbeat, constrict airways, slow heart beat, stimulate stomach, inhibit release of glucose, stimulate intestines, contract bladder, promote erection of genitals

Question 3

Where do sympathetic divisions priorities?

Answer 3

Brain, heart, skeletal muscles

Question 4

When does vasoconstriction of blood vessels to skin occur?

Answer 4

During stress or exercise to minimise blood loss if injury occurred

Question 5

What does your nervous system use to send messages?

Answer 5

Neurones

Question 6

What does your endocrine system use to send messages?

Answer 6

Hormones

Question 7

Where does neurocrine communication occur?

Answer 7

Anterior and posterior pituitary, adrenal medulla

Question 8

Where is the thymus?

Answer 8

Superior mediastinum

Question 9

What happens to the thymus over time?

Answer 9

Fully formed at birth, involutes after puberty and in late teens is mostly fat

Question 10

What is the role of the thymus?

Answer 10

Maturation of bone marrow derived stem cells into immunocompetent T cells (thymic cell education)
Produced thymosin which is a hormone to promote T cell maturation

Question 11

Where do hormones control and regulate?

Answer 11

Reproduction, metabolism and energy balance, growth and development, body defenses, general homeostasis and water, nutrient, and electrolyte balance of the blood

Question 12

What are the different types of hormones?

Answer 12

Peptide, steroid, thyroid, catecholamines

Question 13

What does the hypothalamus do as a whole?

Answer 13

Keeps tabs on whats going on all over the body

Question 14

What does the hypothalamus do individually?

Answer 14

Thermoregulation
Heart rate
Blood pressure
osmolality of plasma
Circadian rhythms 
Feeding, satiety and GIT regulation
Autonomic input via connections to the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems
Emotion
Lactation 
Sexual behaviour

Question 15

What does the hypothalamus produce?

Answer 15

ADH
Oxytocin
6 hormones- 4 stimulatory and 2 inhibitory to anterior pituitary

Question 16

What are the two lobes of the pituitary?

Answer 16

Anterior and posterior

Question 17

What is the portal system called involving the anterior pituitary?

Answer 17

Hypothalamo- hypophyseal portal system

Question 18

What is stress?

Answer 18

A state of real or perceived threat to homeostasis

Question 19

What are the behavioural effects of stress?

Answer 19

increased awareness, improved cognition, euphoria and enhanced analgesia

Question 20

What are the physiological adaptations of stress?

Answer 20

increased cardiovascular tone, repression rate and intermediate metabolism, inhibition of feeding, digesting, growth, reproduction and immunity

Question 21

Where are the effectors of stress located?

Answer 21

Hypothalamus, anterior lobe of the pituitary and the adrenal gland

Question 22

What are the adrenal cortical hormones?

Answer 22

Glucocotricoids and mineralocorticoids

Question 23

What occurs in a fight or flight response?

Answer 23

Increased blood pressure
Glucose enters blood stream
Shut down non emergency services

Question 24

What is included in the HPA axis?

Answer 24

Hypothalamus, anterior Pituitary, Adrenal cortex

Question 25

What neurones are present in the ANS?

Answer 25

Presynaptic neurone whose cell body is in CNS and postsynaptic neurone whose cell body is in peripheral ganglion

Question 26

What is the adrenal gland split into?

Answer 26

Medulla-middle (chromaffin cells which release adrenaline and noradrenaline when signalled- equivalent to postsynaptic neurones so neurocrine)
Cortex- outer

Question 27

What does adrenaline and neuroadrenaline do?

Answer 27

Breaks down glycogen into glucose increasing blood glucose, blood pressure, breathing rate, metabolic rate and causes increased alertness and decreased digestion

Question 28

What hormones do the posterior pituitary secrete?

Answer 28

Oxytocin and ADH

Both made in hypothalamus and travel down neuronal axons

Question 29

What does the pineal gland do?

Answer 29

produces melatonin which controls circadian rhythms
Inhibits release of LH and FSH
Calcifies in early adult hood so is visible in X-rays

Question 30

What is fainting due to shock called?

Answer 30

Vagal syncope