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FHS > Respiratory system > Flashcards

Respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

What does the respiratory system do?

A
  • warming and humidifying
  • olfaction
  • phonation
  • pulmonary ventilation
  • filtering particulate matter
  • pulmonary ventilation
  • metabolism of potentially damaging chemicals
  • gas exchange between lung and blood
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2
Q

What is the upper respiratory tract made of?

A

Nasopharynx, R main bronchus, R lung, pharynx

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3
Q

What is the pleura?

A

Thin layer of tissue covering lungs.
- Lung surface is covered by visceral pleura
- Thoracic cavity is lined by parietal pleura

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4
Q

Trachea=

A

Branches into L and R primary bronchi. The carina helps with branches, it is the dividing point.

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5
Q

What does the hyaline cartilage in the trachea do?

A

Gives capacity to narrow the cross section of the trachea

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6
Q

Trachealis muscle=

A

contracts during cough reflex to help speed up air and regulate the flow of air through the trachea. So it clears the space of the trachea.

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7
Q

Mucociliary escalator=

A

within wall of trachea, transports mucus and foreign particles towards upper airway. Keeps trachea/ airways clear

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8
Q

Hilium of the lung=

A

What connects lungs to their supporting structures and where pulmonary vessels enter/ exit lungs.

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9
Q

What are the lobes of the lungs divided by?

A

Fissures, both horizontal fissure and oblique fissures.

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10
Q

What are the three lobes of the lung?

A
  1. superior lobe
  2. middle lobe
  3. inferior lobe
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11
Q

What supplies each segment of the lungs?

A

Tertiary bronchi

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12
Q

What are bronchioles?

A

As bronchiole branches divide, they get smaller. Each smaller branch is known as a bronchiole. They:
- Loose their cartilage
- Smooth muscle increases
- Cilia and goblet cells decrease

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13
Q

Pulmonary arteriole vs pulmonary venule

A

Pulmonary arteriole= bringing in deoxygenated blood
Pulmonary venule= taking oxygenated blood to the hart

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14
Q

What is in the respiratory zone?

A

Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli

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15
Q

Alveoli=

A

air sacs at end of bronchioles. Where lungs and blood exchange oxygen & carbon dioxide.

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16
Q

What is the microscopic structure of alveoli?

A
  • Type I alveolar cells= squamous cells making up wall of alveoli
  • Type II alveolar cells= help repair lining of alveoli and secrete surfactant.
  • Macrophages= pick up particles/ pathogens to help with the immune response
  • fluid layer on alveolar surface is required
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17
Q

How is debris removed?

A

Large particles= nasal hairs & mucus of upper respiratory tract
Medium particles= mucus of bronchi, bronchioles and mucociliary escalator
Small particles= alveolar macrophages

But, not all particles are removed, can cause: smokers lung, carbon tattooing

18
Q

Gas transport at respiratory membrane is dependant on:

A
  • partial pressure
  • thickness of respiratory surface
  • area of respiratory surface
  • ventilation/ perfusion coupling
  • temperature of fluids/ tissues
  • gas solubility
19
Q

Partial pressure=

A

total pressure in a mixture of gases equals sum of partial pressures of each individual gas- daltons law

20
Q

What is total air pressure made up of?

A

nitrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide

21
Q

Ficks law=

A

rate of gas transfer is proportional to:
- tissue area
- diffusion coefficient of the gas
- difference in partial pressure either side of membrane

But the rate of gas transfer is inversely proportional to:
- thickness of the membrane

22
Q

V/ Q coupling

A

Alveolar ventilation (V)= volume of air which takes place in gas exchange
Perfusion (Q)= blood that reaches alveoli via capillaries.
Both can effect gas exchange- an optimal balance is required

23
Q

Local auto regulation in blood vessels=

A

if there is poor ventilation, blood vessels vasoconstrict and redirect blood flow to areas of better oxygen.
If there is good blood flow, blood vessels vasodilator to accept more blood

24
Q

Boyles law=

A

Pressure is inversely proportional to volume, so explains why air goes in/ out of lungs when we change our chest volume

25
Q

Explain pulmonary ventilation (breathing)

A
  • Chest volume changes
  • Changes in intrapleural pressure
  • Changes in intrapulmonary pressure
  • Flow of air down the pressure gradient
26
Q

Inspiration vs expiration

A

Inspiration is an active process that requires energy. Costal cartilage stores energy as they are deformed
Expiration is a passive process that doesn’t require energy

27
Q

What muscles are involved in forced inhalation?

A

neck muscles- sternocleidomastoids, scalenes
chest muscles- pectoralis minor
spinal muscles- erector spinal

28
Q

What muscles are involved in forced exhalation?

A

Transverse abdominals
Rectus abdominus
Latissimus dorsi
internal intercostal cavity

29
Q

Innermost intercostal mucles main roles=

A

Stiffening the chest wall during breathing and forced exhalation

30
Q

What can loading/ unloading be affected by?

A
  • molecular conformation
  • availability of H+
  • Availability of CO2
  • Availability of O2
  • Temperature
31
Q

Venous reserve=

A

capacity to extract oxygen from the blood as it flows through muscle. Chemical BPG promotes unloading of the oxygen.

32
Q

Bohr effect=

A

Donation of H+ to promote release of O2

33
Q

gas exchange is adjusted to metabolic needs of the body because of these effects:

A
  1. Bohr effect
  2. Biphosphoglycerate (BPG)
  3. Partial pressure of oxygen
  4. temperature
34
Q

CO2 is carried as:

A

plasma, carbaminohaemoglobin, bicarbonate

34
Q

What is breathing affected by?

A
  • resistance of airway
  • elasticity of lung tissue
  • obstruction to flow
  • chest wall compliance
35
Q

Haldene effect=

A

Binding of o2 on haemoglobin promotes release of co2 release

36
Q

factors affecting airflow

A
  1. pulmonary compliance
  2. airway resistance
  3. alveolar surface tension
37
Q

compliance=

A

measure of ease of expansion of lungs determined by volume and elasticity. It can be affected by: decreased/ increased compliance

38
Q

Airway resistance=

A

explains the bronchial diameter.
- The brochoconstriction/ dilation can determine resistance.

39
Q

Alveolar surface tension=

A

arises from attractive forces between molecules. A high surface tension would:
- cause alveoli to collapse
- Severly decrease compliance

  • Production of surfactant help break down surface tension
40
Q

Henrys law=

A

The amount of oxygen that dissolves into the bloodstream is directly proportional to the partial pressure of oxygen in alveolar air
- So if there is high partial pressure in alveolus, O2 dissolves into blood.
- If there is low partial pressure in alveolus, CO2 dissolves out of blood.

FHS (16 decks)

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