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FHS > Introduction to the human body > Flashcards

Introduction to the human body Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four muscle tissues in the body?

A
  • Epithelial
  • Muscular
  • Connective
  • Tissue
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2
Q

What are the different levels of organisation in the body?

A
  • Organism level
  • Organ level
  • Cellular level
  • Tissue level
  • Mitochondria level
  • Systems level
  • Chemical level
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3
Q

Define interdependence

A
  • Organisms depend on each other for survival
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4
Q

Describe homeostasis.

A
  • The ability for the body to maintain a stable internal environment despite a changing external environment.
  • The body maintains homeostasis through feedback loops.
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5
Q

What does the body regulate to maintain a stable internal environment?

A
  • Temperature
  • Ion concentration
  • Salinity
  • Oxygen levels
  • pH
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6
Q

What does a feedback loop involve?

A
  • A receptor (sensor that monitors the environment and responds to the stimulus) sends info to the control centre (determines appropriate response) and then relays information to the effector (carries out response and brings body back to balance).
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7
Q

Explain the difference between positive feedback loop and negative feedback loop.

A
  • Negative: keeps internal environment stable by decreasing hormone production.
  • Positive: keeps internal environment stable by increasing hormone production.
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8
Q

What are the four primary tissue classes? Describe them.

A
  • Nervous= Excitable, specialised for rapid signal conduction.
  • Muscular= Excitable, specialised for contraction.
  • Epithelial= Covers organs. Protects, secretes and absorbs.
  • Connective= Protects, binds and supports.
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9
Q

What are the three main types of simple epithelial tissue? Describe them.

A
  • Squamous= Description: flat like cells. Function: filtration, secrete lubricating surfaces. Location: Kidney glomeruli, heart walls, blood vessels, alveoli, lymphatic vessels.
  • Cuboidal= Description: Cube like cells. Function: secretion/ absorption. Location: kidney tubules, ovary surfaces, small glands.
  • Columnar= Description: Tall cells, cilia/ microvilli. Function: Secretion/ absorption. Location: Digestive tract, gall bladder, gland ducts.
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10
Q

Briefly explain stratified epithelia.

A
  • Two or more cell layers
  • Regenerative from below
  • More durable than simple epithelia
  • Physical protection is a major role.
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11
Q

What are the main types of connective tissue?

A
  • Connective tissue proper
  • Blood
  • Bone
  • Cartilage
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12
Q

What are the functions of connective tissue?

A
  • Physical Protection
  • Immune protection
  • Heat production
  • Transport
  • Support
  • Storage
  • Binding organs
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13
Q

What are the cells in connective tissue?

A
  • Blast (builder) cells= Osteoblasts in bone, Chondroblasts in cartilage and fibroblasts in connective tissue proper.
  • Clast (remodelling) cells= Osteoclasts in bone and chondroclasts in cartilage.
  • Cyte cells (control activity of blast and clast cells= Osteocytes in bone, chondrocytes in cartilage. Chondrocytes are important in forming cartilage.
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14
Q

What is the main connective tissue proper types, briefly describe them.

A
  • Areolar: fibres moving through ground substance
  • Dense: Ground substance plus cells and fibres (collagen)
  • Adipose: Not much ground substance but fine matrix of fibres surrounding adipocytes.
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15
Q

What is ground substance?

A
  • Mainly water and hydroscopic proteoglycans. Lacunae maintain the ground substance.
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16
Q

What are the different types of cartilage?

A
  • Hyaline cartilage: found in synovial joints of the body, creating articulating surfaces at end of bones so they don’t rub against each other and create friction, also acts as a shock absorber. It has a perichondrium which is a connective tissue that surrounds cartilage and produces chondrocytes and chondroblasts. It also has lacunae which contains chondrocytes.
  • Elastic cartilage is found in the inner ear. It contains chondrocytes, lacunae, ground substance and fibres.
  • Fibrocartilage is fibrous and has lots of collagen and elastin fibres. The fibres act as good shock absorbers. E.g., in-between vertebral discs.
17
Q

What is bone and what does it contain?

A
  • Is a strong, rigid ground substance.
  • It contains: Lacunae, osteocytes, periosteum, osteons, haversian canals.
18
Q

Briefly describe blood

A
  • Blood cells are suspended in plasma: Red blood cells (erythrocytes) and white blood cells (lymphocytes and neutrophils).
  • Blood contain: Cells, matrix and fibres.
19
Q

What does nervous tissue contain?

A
  • Neurons
  • Glial cells: protect and assist neurons, help regulate the chemical/ physical environment.
20
Q

What are the main components of connective tissue?

A
  • ground substance/ matrix
  • cells
  • fibres (collagen/ elastin)
21
Q

What are the two remaining tissue classes of the body?

A
  • Nervous
  • Muscular
22
Q
A

FHS (16 decks)

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